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Agricultural Microbiology Notes
- Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer (Transformation) in Plants
- Apple Scab Disease: Causes, Symptoms, Cycle, Epidemiology
- Late Blight Disease: Causes, Symptoms, Cycle, Control
- Microbial degradation of cellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of chitin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of hemicellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of lignin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of pectin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microorganisms found in soil with effects and examples
- Mycorrhiza: Definition, Types and Significances
- Organic waste recycling (methods, steps, significance, barriers)
- Phyllosphere microorganisms- Examples, Factors, Effects
- Plant Pathology (Phytopathology): An Introductory Guide
- Rhizospheric microorganisms and effects, PGPR and Mycorrhiza
- Soil Formation (Pedogenesis)- Factors, Process/Steps, Examples
- Soil- Definition, Composition, Properties, Types and Uses
Anatomy and Physiology Notes
- Adrenal Gland- Structure, Hormones, Functions, Disorders
- Anatomical Position: Planes, Variations, Applications
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Factors, Functions, Mechanism
- Arteries vs. Veins: 27 Major Differences
- Arteries: Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, Diseases
- Blood Group- Definition, Systems, Types, Significances
- Blood Pressure: Definition, Measurement, Mechanism
- Blood- Components, Formation, Functions, Circulation
- Bone vs. Cartilage: 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Breast- Definition, Structure, Functions and Breast Cancer
- Breathing vs. Respiration: 15 Key Differences, Examples
- Capillaries: Structure, 3 Types, Functions, Diseases
- Cardiac Cycle and its 5 Phases
- Cardiovascular System Physiology: Cardiac Conduction
- Chambers of the Heart: Auricles and Ventricles
- Childbirth (Labor Process)- Features, Stages, Mechanism
- Depolarization: Definition, Mechanism, vs. Repolarization
- Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats
- Diseases and Disorders of the female reproductive system
- Diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system
- Disorders and Diseases of the Human Digestive System
- Echocardiography (Echo): Principle, Types, Procedure, Uses
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): Parts, Principle, Procedure, Types
- Endocrine System- Definition, Glands, Hormones, Functions, Disorders
- Exocrine vs. Endocrine Glands: 8 Differences, Examples
- Functions of The Human Digestive System
- Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions
- Heart Embryology- Development of the Heart
- Heart Valves: Types, Structure, Functions, Diseases
- Heartbeat Phases and Heart Sound Types
- Hemoglobin: Structure, Types, Functions, Diseases
- Hemorrhage- Definition, Class, Types, Disorders
- Hemostasis- Definition, Mechanism, Significance
- Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases
- Human Circulatory Circuit: Systemic and Pulmonary
- Human Embryo Transfer- Conditions, Types, Procedure
- Human Embryogenesis- Definition, Process, Stages
- Human Female Reproductive System: Organs, Structure, Functions
- Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions
- Human Male Reproductive System: Organs, Structure, Functions
- Hyaline Casts: Structure, Types, Process, Importance
- Inhalation vs. Exhalation: 15 Differences, Examples
- Integumentary System- Definition, organs, functions, diseases
- Layers of the Heart: Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
- Lungs- Definition, Structure, Location, Functions, Diseases
- Lymphatic System- Organs, Functions, Diseases
- Menstrual Cycle- Definition, Hormones, Phases, Diagram
- Mucous Membrane: Structure, Location, Functions, Disorders
- Muscle Contraction: Definition, Proteins, Types, Steps
- Nephron- Definition, Structure, Physiology, Functions
- Neural Integration: Temporal and Spatial Summation
- Oogenesis / Ovulation / Ovarian cycle- Definition, Phages, Process
- Pancreas- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, Disorders
- Parathyroid Gland- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, Disorders
- Pericardium: Definition, Structure, Functions, Diseases
- Physiology of Human Digestion
- Pineal Gland- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, Disorders
- Pituitary Gland- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, Disorders
- Reflex Arc: Definition, Components, Functions
- Rib Cage: Anatomy, Parts, Bones, Structures, Functions
- Sagittal Plane: Definition, Regions, Movement, Applications
- Sarcomere: Definition, Structure, Diagram, and Functions
- Selective Reabsorption- Definition, Parts, Process, Diagram
- Semilunar valves- Definition, Anatomy, Types, Dysfunction
- Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis: 18 Differences, Examples
- Spermatogenesis- Definition, Stages and Process with figure
- Stimulus- Definition, Types (External, Internal), Mechanism
- The Human Digestive System: Organs, Functions, Diagram
- Thymus Gland- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, Disorders
- Thyroid Gland- Definition, Structure, Hormones, Functions, Disorders
- Types of Muscle Tissue (Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac Muscle)
- Ultrafiltration- Process, Bowman’s Capsule, Glomerulus, Diagram
- Veins: Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, Diseases
- Voluntary vs. Involuntary Muscles: 16 Differences, Examples
- Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips)
Bacteriology Notes
- A Guide to Ideonella sakaiensis (Plastic-Eating Bacteria)
- Acinetobacter baumannii- An Overview
- Actinobacteria- An Overview
- Aerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci
- Anthrax bacilli vs Anthracoid bacilli- 25 Differences
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST)- Types and Limitations
- Bacillus anthracis- An Overview
- Bacillus cereus food poisoning with foodborne toxins
- Bacillus cereus- An Overview
- Bacillus subtilis- An Overview and Applications
- Bordetella pertussis- An Overview
- Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)- An Overview
- Botulism Food Poisoning by Clostridium botulinum
- Burkholderia pseudomallei: An Overview
- Campylobacteriosis- Campylobacter Infection and Food Poisoning
- Chlamydia trachomatis- An Overview
- Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxins and Food poisoning
- Clostridium perfringens- An Overview
- Cocci vs. Bacilli: 5 Major Differences with Examples
- Coccobacilli: Characteristics and Common Examples
- Coliform Bacteria- Characteristics, Examples, Identification
- Collection and transport of stool specimens
- Common Bacteria Causing UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)
- Common Pathogenic Bacteria Found in Blood
- Common Pathogenic Bacteria Found in Sputum
- Common Pathogenic Bacteria Found in Stool
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Klebs-Löffler bacillus)- An Overview
- Coxiella burnetii: Characteristics, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)- An Overview
- E. coli Pathotypes- ETEC, EPEC, EHEC, EAEC, EIEC, DAEC
- E. coli virotypes Food Poisoning, Infection and Illness
- Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
- Enterobacteriaceae Cultural Characteristics
- Enterobacteriaceae- Definition, Characteristics, Identification
- Enterococcus faecalis: A Comprehensive Guide
- Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
- Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)
- Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
- Epsilometer test (E test)- Principle, Procedure, Results, Advantages
- Eubacteria- Definition, Characteristics, Structure, Types, Examples
- Eye and Ear Microbiota (Microbiome)- Normal Flora of Eye & Ear
- Factors affecting bacterial pathogenicity
- Facultative Anaerobes: Characteristics, Examples, Uses
- Food poisoning by Listeria monocytogenes (Listeriosis)
- Gram-negative bacteria- cell wall, examples, diseases, antibiotics
- Gram-positive bacteria- cell wall, examples, diseases, antibiotics
- Gram-positive cell wall
- Habitat and Morphology of Gardnerella vaginalis
- Habitat and Morphology of Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Habitat and Morphology of Listeria monocytogenes
- Habitat and Morphology of Mycobacterium leprae
- Habitat and Morphology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Habitat and Morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Habitat and Morphology of Shigella dysenteriae
- Habitat and Morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Hemolysis of Streptococci- Types and Examples with Images
- Human Microbiome and Normal Flora Of The Human Body
- Klebsiella pneumoniae- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Klebsiella pneumoniae- Pathogenicity and Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory diagnosis of Bacterial vaginosis caused by Gardnerella vaginalis
- Laboratory diagnosis of Legionella pneumophila
- Laboratory diagnosis of Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae
- Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes
- Laboratory diagnosis of Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Francisella tularensis
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Leptospira interrogans
- Laboratory diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Rickettsia rickettsii
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Shigella dysenteriae
- Laboratory diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Lactobacillus acidophilus- An Overview
- List of Myxobacteria species discovered (Updated 2024)
- Mesophiles: Definition, Habitat, Examples, Advantages
- Modified Hodge Test (MHT)- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Morphology of Bacteria- Sizes, Shapes, Arrangements, Examples
- Most Probable Number (MPN) Test for Water Quality
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis- An Overview
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Neisseria meningitidis vs Neisseria gonorrhoeae- 32 Differences
- Normal Flora (Microbiota) of Mouth and Gastrointestinal Tract
- Normal Flora of Skin, Hair, and Nail- Human Skin Microbiome
- O antigen and H antigen- Definition and 21 Key Differences
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestation of Gardenerella vaginalis
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Francisella tularensis
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Leptospira interrogans
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Mycobacterium leprae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Rickettsia rickettsii
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Treponema pallidum
- Pneumococcus vs Viridans streptococci- 12 Major Differences
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa- An Overview
- Pseudomonas putida- An Overview
- Respiratory Microbiota- Normal Flora of Respiratory Tract
- Rickettsia Infection- Tick-Borne Rickettsioses And Spotted Fever
- Salmonellosis- Food Infection and Food Poisoning by Salmonella
- Serratia marcescens- An Overview
- Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)
- Shigella dysenteriae- Pathogenicity and Clinical Manifestation
- Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP)- Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins
- Staphylococcus aureus- An Overview
- Staphylococcus capitis- An Overview
- Staphylococcus epidermidis- An Overview
- Staphylococcus hominis- An Overview
- Staphylococcus lugdunensis- An Overview
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
- Staphylococcus vs Streptococcus- 20 Major Differences
- Streptococcus agalactiae- An Overview
- Streptococcus anginosus- An Overview
- Streptococcus bovis- An Overview
- Streptococcus mitis- An Overview
- Streptococcus mutans- An Overview
- Streptococcus pyogenes- Group A Streptococcus (GAS)- An Overview
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)- An Overview
- Urogenital Microbiota- Normal Flora of Urinary and Vaginal Tract
- Vibrio cholerae Food Poisoning- Cholera toxin (CT)
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus Food Poisoning- Gastroenteritis
- Vibrio vulnificus: An Overview
- Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Legionella pneumophila
- Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes
- Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- What are Bacteria?- A Complete Study Note and Guide
- Yersinia enterocolitica Food Poisoning (Yersiniosis)
Basic Microbiology Notes
- 37 Types of PCR with Definition, Principle, and Uses
- Archaea vs Bacteria- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Archaea: Habitat, Characteristics, Classification, Applications
- Bacteria vs Fungi- Definition, 21 Major Differences, Examples
- Bacteria vs. Virus: 28 Differences with Examples
- Bacterial and Fungal Preservation Methods
- Bacterial Growth and Factors Affecting Growth of Bacteria
- Bacterial growth curve and its significance
- Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and Determinative Bacteriology
- Biochemical Test and Identification of Bacteria
- Biosafety Cabinets- Definition, Classes (I, II, III) and Types
- Biosafety Levels (BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3 and BSL-4)
- Chemical methods of sterilization- Gaseous and Liquid
- Cilia vs Flagella- Definition and 19 Major Differences
- Cilia: Structure, Formation, Types, Functions, Examples
- Classification of Bacteria in different 9 ways
- Classification of Bacteria on the basis of Nutrition
- Classification of Fungi
- Degradation and Deterioration
- Differences between terminologies used in Microbiology
- Direct Microscopic Counts- Principle, Procedure, Uses
- DNA vs RNA- Definition and 30 Key Differences
- Experiments in support and against Spontaneous Generation
- Fields of Microbiology
- Flagella: Structure, Types, Arrangement, Functions, Examples
- General Aseptic Techniques in Microbiology Laboratory
- Gram-Positive vs Gram-Negative Bacteria- 31 Differences with Examples
- History of Microbiology and Contributors in Microbiology
- Incubator: Parts, Working, Types, Uses, Precautions
- Isolation of Actinomycetes from Soil sample
- Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) from Soil sample
- Koch’s postulates and its limitations
- Laminar Flow Hood/Cabinet: Parts, Principle, Types, Uses
- Louis Pasteur and his contributions
- Marine Microorganisms (Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoans, Microalgae)
- McFarland Standards- Principle, Preparation, Uses, Limitations
- Meningitis vs Encephalitis- Definition and 17 Differences
- Microbial Culture Media: Types, Examples, Uses
- Microbiological Risk Assessment: Types and Applications
- Microbiology History and Scientists with their Discoveries
- Microbiology Terms and Terminology with Definitions
- Microbiology: History, Branches, Career Opportunities
- Most Probable Number (MPN) Test for Water Quality
- O antigen and H antigen- Definition and 21 Key Differences
- Paramecium caudatum- Habitat, Culture, Structure, Locomotion
- Peptone Water- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Petri Dish: Definition, Parts, Types, Uses, 4 Examples
- Physical methods of sterilization- Heat, Filtration, Radiation
- Pour Plate Method- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Principles of Diagnosis with Medical Microbiology
- Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes (47 Key Differences)
- Robert Koch and Koch’s Postulates
- Scope and Applications of Microbiology in 2024
- Serial Dilution: Formula, Calculator, Method, Uses, Examples
- Spread Plate Method- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Sterilization- Physical and chemical methods
- Streak Plate Method: Principle, Types, Methods, Uses
- The Germ Theory of Disease
- VIVA Alert: Basic Microbiology with mnemonics
- Water Quality Analysis by Membrane Filter (MF) Technique
- What is Sensitivity, Specificity, False positive, False negative?
- Why a Nursing Student Should Learn Microbiology?
- Why TCBS agar is not autoclaved?
Biochemical Test Notes
- Acetamide Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Acetate Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Bacitracin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Beta (β) Lactamase Test: Principle, Types, Procedure, Results
- Bile Esculin Test- Principle, procedure, results, uses, limitations
- Bile Solubility Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Biochemical Test of Acinetobacter baumannii
- Biochemical Test of Actinomyces israelii
- Biochemical Test of Aeromonas caviae
- Biochemical Test of Aeromonas hydrophila
- Biochemical Test of Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalis
- Biochemical Test of Bacillus anthracis
- Biochemical Test of Bacillus cereus
- Biochemical Test of Bacillus subtilis
- Biochemical Test of Bacteroides fragilis
- Biochemical Test of Bifidobacterium bifidum
- Biochemical Test of Bordetella pertussis
- Biochemical Test of Brucella melitensis
- Biochemical Test of Burkholderia cepacia
- Biochemical Test of Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Biochemical Test of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus
- Biochemical Test of Campylobacter jejuni
- Biochemical Test of Chlamydia trachomatis
- Biochemical test of Citrobacter freundii
- Biochemical Test of Clostridium botulinum
- Biochemical Test of Clostridium difficile
- Biochemical Test of Clostridium perfringens
- Biochemical Test of Clostridium tetani
- Biochemical Test of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Biochemical Test of Edwardsiella tarda
- Biochemical Test of Enterobacter aerogenes
- Biochemical Test of Enterobacter cloacae
- Biochemical Test of Enterococcus faecalis
- Biochemical Test of Enterococcus faecium
- Biochemical Test of Escherichia coli (E. coli)
- Biochemical Test of Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis
- Biochemical Test of Fusobacterium necrophorum
- Biochemical Test of Gardnerella vaginalis
- Biochemical Test of Haemophilus aegyptius
- Biochemical Test of Haemophilus influenzae
- Biochemical Test of Haemophilus parainfluenzae
- Biochemical Test of Hafnia alvei
- Biochemical Test of Helicobacter pylori
- Biochemical Test of Kingella kingae
- Biochemical Test of Klebsiella granulomatis
- Biochemical Test of Klebsiella oxytoca
- Biochemical Test of Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Biochemical Test of Lactobacillus spp.
- Biochemical Test of Listeria monocytogenes
- Biochemical Test of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Biochemical Test of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Biochemical Test of Proteus mirabilis
- Biochemical Test of Providencia stuartii
- Biochemical Test of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Biochemical Test of Salmonella Typhi
- Biochemical Test of Serratia marcescens
- Biochemical Test of Shigella flexneri
- Biochemical Test of Staphylococcus aureus
- Biochemical Test of Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Biochemical Test of Streptococcus agalactiae
- Biochemical Test of Streptococcus canis
- Biochemical Test of Streptococcus mutans
- Biochemical Test of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Biochemical Test of Streptococcus pyogenes
- Biochemical Test of Vibrio cholerae
- Biochemical Test of Yersinia pestis
- Butyrate Disk Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses, Limitations
- CAMP Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses, Limitations
- Casein Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Results
- Catalase Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Cetrimide Agar Test- Principle, Procedures, Results, Uses
- Citrate Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Coagulase Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Result, Uses
- Decarboxylase Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- DNase Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Esculin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Gelatin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Result, Uses
- Growth at 42°C Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Hippurate Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- IMViC Test: Principle, Result Chart, Examples, Uses
- Indole Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- KIA Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Results, Uses
- KOH Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Results, Uses
- LAP Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Lecithinase Test (Nagler’s Reaction): Principle, Procedure, Results
- Lipid Hydrolysis Test (Lipase Test)- Principle, Procedure, Results
- Litmus Milk Medium Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results
- Lysine Iron Agar Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Malonate Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Methyl Red (MR) Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test- Principle, Procedure, Results
- Motility Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitation
- MRS Broth Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- MUG Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Result, Limitations
- Nitrate Reduction Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Nitrite Reduction Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitations
- Novobiocin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure, Results
- OF Test- Oxidation/Oxidative-Fermentation/Fermentative Test
- ONPG Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Optochin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure, Results
- Oxidase Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Phenylalanine Deaminase Test- Principle, Procedure, Results
- PYR Test: Principle, Media, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Pyruvate Broth Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Salt Tolerance Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Satellitism Test: Principle, Media, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Spot Indole Test: Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Starch Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Sulfur Reduction Test: Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- TSIA Test: Principle, Media, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Urease Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Result, Uses
- VP Test: Principle, Reagents, Procedure, Results, Uses
- X and V Factor Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
Biochemistry Notes
- Acree-Rosenheim Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Action Potential- Definition, Mechanism, Significances
- Active Transport- Definition, Types, Process, Examples
- Aerobic Respiration- Definition, Steps, ATP Yield, Diagram, Uses
- Alcohol Fermentation (Ethanol): Process, Steps, Uses
- Allosteric Inhibition: Mechanism, Cooperativity, Examples
- Alpha Oxidation: Location, Pathway, Steps, Significance
- Alpha-Actinin: Definition, Structure, Types, Functions
- Alternative Splicing- Definition, Mechanism, Types, Uses
- Amino Acids Codon Chart, Table, and RNA Codon Wheel
- Amino Acids- Properties, Structure, Classification, Functions
- Anaerobic Respiration- Definition, Types, Steps, Equation, Products, Uses
- Anthrone Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- ATP Synthase: Structure, Mechanism, Significances
- ATP- Definition, Structure, Production, Synthesis, Functions
- Bacteriocins and Lantibiotics: Class, Functions, Examples
- Barfoed’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Benedict’s Test- Principle, Procedure, Steps, Results, Uses
- Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acid: Steps, Uses, Diagram
- Bial’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Biuret Test for Protein: Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Brain Lipid Extraction Protocol
- Buffer and Extraction Buffer- Definition, Components, Significance
- Carbohydrate Fermentation Test (Sugar Fermentation Test)
- Carbohydrates: Classification, Structure, Functions
- Cell Membrane Inhibitors: Examples, Inhibition, Resistance
- Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors: Examples, Inhibition, Resistance
- Cellular Respiration: Equations, Steps, Products, Diagram
- Chargaff’s Rules: First and Second Rules, Applications
- Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrate, Protein, Lipid, Nucleic Acid
- Chemical Reactions: Types, Balancing, Factors, Rates
- Chemiosmosis: Definition, Components, Mechanisms, Uses
- Cholesterol structure and synthesis
- Coding Strand vs. Template Strand: 6 Key Differences
- Concentration Gradient: Definition, Factors, Applications
- Cori Cycle: Key Steps, Regulations, Importance
- Covalent Histone Modification- Definition, Types, Functions
- De novo pyrimidine synthesis steps, pathways, uses
- Degradation and Deterioration
- Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats
- DNA Cloning: Principle, Steps, Components, Methods, Uses
- DNA Damage and DNA Repair: Types and Mechanism
- DNA Gyrase- Definition, Structure, Reactions, Mechanisms
- DNA Helicases: Structure, Types, Functions, Examples
- DNA Ligase- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions
- DNA Polymerase: Properties, Structure, Types, Functions
- DNA Replication: Enzymes, Mechanism, Steps, Applications
- DNA Synthesis Inhibitors- Definition, Examples, Inhibition, Resistance
- DNA: Properties, Structure, Composition, Types, Functions
- Eastern Blot- Definition, Principle, Steps, Results, Applications
- Ehrlich Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Eicosanoids: Definition, classes, functions, synthesis
- Electron Transport Chain: Steps, Products, Diagram
- End Products Of Glycolysis and Fate of Pyruvate
- Enzyme Inhibition: An Introduction
- Enzyme Inhibitors- Competitive, Noncompetitive, End-product inhibition
- Enzymes: Structure, Types, Mechanism, Functions
- Esbach Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Ethanol Metabolism: Enzymes, Steps, Reactions
- Factors affecting enzyme action and immobilized enzymes
- Fat soluble vitamins- Vitamin A, D, E and K
- Fatty Acid Synthesis: Pathway and Importance
- Fatty Acids- Definition, Classification, Types, Functions
- Fehling’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Folic acid synthesis inhibitors- Definition, Examples, Inhibition, Resistance
- Food and Nutrition: Macronutrients and Micronutrients
- Fructose Metabolism (Fructolysis): Steps and Importance
- Galactose Metabolism: Enzymes, Steps, Pathways, Uses
- Gel Electrophoresis System- Apparatus, Parts, Types, Examples
- Gluconeogenesis: Location, Steps, Reactions, Significance
- Glycogenesis: Location, Steps, Enzymes, Regulation, Uses
- Glycogenolysis: Location, Steps, Enzymes, Regulation, Uses
- Glycolysis 10 Steps with Enzymes, Pathways and Diagram
- Heat coagulation test of proteins
- Heller’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Heme Degradation: Location, Enzymes, Steps, Uses
- Heme Synthesis: Location, Enzymes, Steps, Regulation, Uses
- Henderson Hasselbalch Equation
- Hopkin’s Cole Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Hydrophilic Molecule: Definition, Examples, Applications
- Induced Fit Model- Definition, Mechanism, Advantages
- Introduction to Carbohydrates
- Introns- Definition, Structure, Functions, Classes, Splicing
- Iodine Test: Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Isatin Test- Definition, Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Ketones in urine (ketonuria) and Ketones in urine test
- Krebs Cycle: Location, Enzymes, Steps, Products, Diagram
- Lead Sulfide Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Leaf Starch Test: Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Lineweaver–Burk Plot
- Lipids: Properties, Structure, Classification, Types, Functions
- Lock and Key Model- Mode of Action of Enzymes
- Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats
- Membrane Carbohydrates: Types, Structure, Functions
- Membrane Lipids: Composition, Structure, Functions
- Membrane Proteins: Structure, Types, Functions
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)- Definition, Structure, Processing, Types, Functions
- Microbial degradation of cellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of chitin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of hemicellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of lignin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of pectin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial Production of Penicillin- Definition, Biosynthesis, Process, Uses
- Millon’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Molisch Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Monomers: Types, Examples, Classification, Uses
- Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides
- Mucic Acid Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Mycolic acid biosynthesis inhibitors- Definition, Examples, Inhibition, Resistance
- Ninhydrin Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Nitroprusside Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Nucleic Acids- Nucleosides and Nucleotides
- Omega Oxidation of Fatty Acids: Enzymes, Steps, Reactions
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Functions, Sources, Types, Benefits
- Osazone Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: Enzymes, Factors, Steps
- Passive Transport: Features, Types, Functions
- Pauly’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- PCR- Definition, Principle, Enzymes, Steps, Types, Uses
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway: Steps, Diagram, Uses
- Pentose Sugar: Classification, Structural Forms, Uses
- Peptide Bond- Definition, Formation, Degradation, Examples
- Phosphoketolase (Heterolactic) Pathway: Steps, Reactions
- Phospholipid Bilayer- Structure, Types, Properties, Functions
- Plasma Proteins: Definition, Structure, Functions
- Primary vs Secondary Metabolites- Definition, 12 Differences, Examples
- Protein Structure- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors- Definition, Examples, Inhibition, Resistance
- Proteins: Properties, Structure, Types, Functions
- Proteomics of Bacillus subtilis: An Overview
- Proteomics of Corynebacterium glutamicum
- Proteomics of Lactococcus lactis: An Overview
- Proteomics: Types, Methods, Steps, Applications
- Purine Synthesis
- Purine- Structure, Types, Derivatives, Modification, Effects
- Pyrimidine- Definition, Properties, Structure, Uses
- Reducing Sugars- Definition, Characteristics, Examples, Uses
- RNA Polymerase: Properties, Structure, Types, Functions
- RNA Sequencing- Definition, Principle, Steps, Types, Uses
- RNA Synthesis Inhibitors- Definition, Examples, Inhibition, Resistance
- RNA: Properties, Structure, Composition, Types, Functions
- Sakaguchi Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Salt Saturation Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids- Definition, 20 Differences, Examples
- Seliwanoff’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Solubility Tests of Proteins- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Starch Digestion: Structure, Enzymes, Mechanism, Process
- Starch: Structure, Composition, Properties, Uses, Types
- Stem-loop (Hairpin loop): Properties, Types, Examples, Uses
- Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding
- Sullivan and McCarthy’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
