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Immunology

Immunology is an emerging branch of medical science that deals with studies related to different aspects of the immune system like the cells, structure, function, response against antigens, and disorders.

  • The immune system consists of a collection of cells, chemicals, processes, and mechanisms that function to protect the body from foreign antigens, such as microbes (organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites), viruses, cancer cells, and toxins.
  • Beyond, the structural and chemical barriers which protect us from infection, the immune system consists of two lines of defense; innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
  • The innate immunity represents the first line of defense against the antigen, and it is an antigen-independent defense mechanism used by the host immediately or within hours of encountering an antigen.
  • On the other hand, adaptive immunity is antigen-dependent and antigen-specific and, therefore, includes a lag time between exposure to the antigen and maximal response.
  • Studies conducted in immunology are related to the measurement of physiological functioning of the immune system in both healthy and disease conditions, malfunctioning of the system in the case of disorders, and physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the cells of the immune system.
  • Immunology is fast becoming an important branch of clinical medicine as it has a close relationship with organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, and even dermatology.
  • Immunology is focused on certain organs of the body like the bone marrow and the lymphatic system and the white blood cells found in the blood.
  • These cells or organs producing these cells are responsible, directly or indirectly, for the defense mechanism of the body against a pathogenic agent or other antigens.
  • These cells keep on circulating throughout the body via blood or lymph so that they can detect antigens entering the body from different sources.
  • An important aspect of immunology is immunotherapy, where components of the immune system or antigens are used to treat a disease or disorder as a form of treatment.

B Cells: Development, Functions & Role in Immune Response

April 9, 2025March 6, 2025 by Anupama Sapkota
B cell (B lymphocyte)- Definition, Types, Development, Applications

B cell or B lymphocyte is a type of lymphocyte (white blood cells) involved in the humoral immunity of the adaptive immune system as they differentiate into plasma and produce … Read more

Agglutination vs. Precipitation: 14 Differences, Examples

January 16, 2025January 9, 2025 by Anupama Sapkota
differences between Agglutination and Precipitation (Agglutination vs Precipitation)

Image Source: Biology Online and Lumen Learning. Agglutination Definition Agglutination is the process of clumping of antigens with their respective antibodies. Precipitation Definition Precipitation is a process where soluble antigens … Read more

Hypersensitivity: Types, Mechanisms, and Causes Explained

December 30, 2024August 28, 2024 by Sagar Aryal
Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity is increased reactivity or increased sensitivity by the animal body to an antigen to which it has been previously exposed. The term is often used as a synonym for … Read more

Neutrophils Unveiled: Structure, Count & Key Functions

December 25, 2024August 19, 2024 by Anupama Sapkota
Neutrophils - Definition, structure, count, range, functions

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell with multi-lobed nuclei and stainable cytoplasmic granules. Neutrophil Structure Neutrophils Test/ Absolute Neutrophil Count Or ANC= Absolute mature neutrophils + absolute immature … Read more

Radioimmunoassay (RIA): Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses

May 26, 2024May 13, 2024 by Bikash Dwivedi
Radioimmunoassay

Radioimmunoassay is one of the sensitive immunoassay techniques which helps in the determination of antigens or antibodies in a sample with the use of radioisotopes. It is an in vitro … Read more

Macrophages: Structure, Immunity, Types, Functions

November 12, 2023November 12, 2023 by Anupama Sapkota
Macrophages

Macrophages are mononuclear cells functioning as professional phagocytes to remove dying, dead or harmful pathogens. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell of the immune system where they engulf … Read more

Agglutination: Reactions, Types, Tests, Applications

November 7, 2023November 3, 2023 by Sagar Aryal
Agglutination

Agglutination is an antigen-antibody reaction in which a particulate antigen combines with its antibody in the presence of electrolytes at a specified temperature and pH resulting in the formation of … Read more

Antigens: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners

August 3, 2023August 3, 2023 by Faith Mokobi
Antigens- Definition, Properties, Types & Antigen Recognition

Epitope, Immunogen, hapten, and Tolerogen Depending on the immune response the antigens trigger, epitopes can be classified into three: Immunogen Hapten As defined above, haptens are small non-immunogenic antigens that … Read more

Antibody: Definition, Structure, Types, Forms, Functions

July 16, 2024August 3, 2023 by Faith Mokobi
Antibodies- Definition, Structure, Types, Forms, Functions

Antibodies are protein molecules naturally produced or synthesized by the B-lymphocytes. They are also known as Immunoglobulins. The use of the term antibody defines an Immunoglobulin molecule that has specificity … Read more

What is Inflammation? An Introduction

August 3, 2023June 28, 2023 by Sagar Aryal
Inflammation

(a) Margination: With the decrease in blood flow rate, leucocytes flow nearer to the vessel wall. (b) Rolling on endothelium:  They roll along the surface of the endothelium and line-up … Read more

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