Online Microbiology and Biology Notes
Immunology Notes. Notes on Immunology. Online Immunology related notes. Immunology Notes for undergraduate and graduate students with diagrams.
What is Apoptosis? Apoptosis is a normal genetically programmed cell death where an aging cell at the end of its life cycle shrinks and its remaining fragments are phagocytosed without any inflammatory reaction. The term apoptosis was first introduced in a paper in 1972 by Kerr, Wyllie, and Currie to describe a morphologically distinct type … Read more Apoptosis- definition, pathways, assay, examples (vs Necrosis)
Image Source: Biology Online and Lumen Learning. Agglutination Definition Agglutination is the process of clumping of antigens with their respective antibodies. Agglutination reactions are used to particulate test antigens that are usually conjugated to a carrier. The carrier can either be artificial (such as latex or charcoal particles) or biological (such as red blood cells). … Read more 14 differences between Agglutination and Precipitation
Neutrophils Definition Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell with multi-lobed nuclei and stainable cytoplasmic granules. These are the most abundant granulocytes, occupying about 40-60% of the total number of white blood cells in the blood. Neutrophils, like all other blood cells, are formed from the stem cells in the bone marrow. After differentiation … Read more Neutrophils – Definition, structure, count, range, functions
Opsonization definition The term opsonization refers to the capacity of antibodies and complement components (as well as other proteins) to coat dangerous antigens that can then be recognized by antibodies or complement receptors on phagocytic cells. Opsonization is the molecular mechanism whereby molecules, microbes, or apoptotic cells are chemically modified to have stronger interactions with … Read more Opsonization- Definition, Mechanism, Opsonins, Examples
Endocytosis Definition Endocytosis is a cellular mechanism by which, a cell internalizes substances including proteins, fluids, electrolytes, microorganisms, and some macromolecules, from its external environment. These substances undergo certain processes of breaking down to smaller elements either for use by the cell or for elimination purposes. White blood cells, of the immune system, are the … Read more Endocytosis- Definition, Process and Types with Examples
MHC Class I and Class II differences (mhc i vs mhc ii) The major differences are: S.N. Characteristics MHC-I molecule MHC -II molecule 1. Distribution Present on almost all nucleated cells including platelets. Have a restricted tissue distribution and are chiefly found on macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and other antigen-presenting cells only. 2. Encoding … Read more 15 differences between MHC Class I and Class II (mhc i vs ii)
Amidst the COVID-19 outbreak, the pandemic has stirred questions about how effective is the body in fighting infections. Naturally, the body fights infections by activating its immune responses which activate cascades of mechanisms in the body to eliminate the pathogen from the system. Immunity definition Immunity is the main process that defends the body from … Read more Immune Booster Foods
Stem cells refer to such cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can also divide in self-renewal to produce more of the same type of same cells. The earliest stem cells in the human body are those found in the human embryo. The stem cells inside an embryo will eventually give rise … Read more Stem Cells- Sources, Characteristics, Types, Uses
Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis Immunoelectrophoresis refers to the process in which an antigen mixture is first separated into its component parts by electrophoresis and then tested by immunodiffusion. The electrophoresed antigen mixture in agarose gel allows the separation of different antigens along the gel slide, and then the lateral diffusion of an antibody in the gel … Read more Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis
Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion technique Immuno-diffusion is a technique for the detection or measurement of antibodies and antigens by their precipitation which involves diffusion through a substance such as agar or gel agarose. Simply, it denotes precipitation in gel. It refers to one of the several techniques for obtaining a precipitate between an antibody and its … Read more Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion technique