Last Updated on January 13, 2020 by Sagar Aryal
Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium
Clinical Features
Urinary tract infections, peritonitis, bacteremia, endocarditis
Virulence Factors
Relatively avirulent
Staphylococcus aureus
Clinical Features
Suppurative infections: impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, wounds
Disseminated infections: bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, empyema, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis
Toxin-mediated infections: toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning
Virulence Factors
Possess thick peptidoglycan layer, capsule, protein A, various toxins (cytotoxins, exfoliative toxins, enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin, Panton- Valentine leukocidin) and hydrolytic enzymes
Staphylococcus, coagulase-negative
Clinical Features
Wound infections, urinary tract infections, catheter and shunt infections, prosthetic device infections
Virulence Factors
Possess thick peptidoglycan layer and loose polysaccharide slime layer; Staphylococcus saprophyticus
produces high concentrations of urease
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
Clinical Features
Suppurative infections: pharyngitis, scarlet fever, sinusitis, skin and softtissue infection (impetigo,
erysipelas, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis), toxic shock–like syndrome; bacteremia
Nonsuppurative infections: rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
Virulence Factors
Capsule, M protein, M-like protein, F protein, pyrogenic exotoxins, streptolysin S and O, streptokinase,
deoxyribonuclease, C5a peptidase
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)
Clinical Features
Neonatal disease (early onset, late onset): bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis; postpartum endometritis, wound infection, skin and soft-tissue infection, urinary tract infections, pneumonia
Virulence Factors
Similar to group A but no capsule
Viridans streptococci
Clinical Features
Abscess formation; septicemia in neutropenic patients; subacute endocarditis; odontogenic infections; dental caries
Virulence Factors
Relatively avirulent
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Clinical Features
Pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, septic arthritis
Virulence Factors
Polysaccharide capsule; teichoic acid; immunoglobulin A protease; pneumolysin O
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