Microbiology Protocols. Molecular Biology and Genetics Protocols. Biology and Life Sciences Protocols for undergraduate and graduate students with diagrams.
The Membrane Filter (MF) Technique was introduced in the late 1950s as an alternative to the Most Probable Number (MPN) procedure for microbiological analysis of water samples. It involves the use of membrane filters, which are thin porous sheet structures … Read more
Photosynthesis is the biological process that converts sunlight into chemical energy. It is employed by plants, algae and certain bacteria. It provides the basis for life on Earth and is the ultimate source of all fossil fuels and of the … Read more
“Brain lipid extracts” refers to a lipid mixture extracted from the brain tissue of animals. It has been found that such brain lipid extracts contain a mixture of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that have four or more double … Read more
Mitochondria are central organelles controlling the life and death of the cell. They participate in key metabolic reactions, synthesize most of the ATP and regulate a number of signaling cascades, including apoptosis. Investigating functional mitochondria that have been isolated from … Read more
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction is the process by which DNA is separated from proteins, membranes, and other cellular material contained in the cell from which it is recovered. In eukaryotic cells, such as human and plant cells, DNA is organized … Read more
Actinomycetes are classified as a group of gram-positive bacteria that are unique for their spore forming abilities and formation of mycelia structures. They show marked chemical and morphological diversity but form a distinct evolutionary line of organisms that range from … Read more
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an ubiquitous, Gram-positive and sporulating bacterium that synthesizes insecticidal proteins with specificity against a wide range of insects during sporulation (Cry and Cyt) and vegetative growth (Vip and Sip). These proteins have portrayed Bt as an environment-friendly … Read more
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria. If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable … Read more
Total RNA isolation from Bacterial Cells Principle of RNA Isolation Total RNA is isolated and separated from DNA and protein after extraction with a solution called as Trizol. Trizol is an acidic solution containing guanidinium thiocyanate (GITC), phenol and chloroform. … Read more
The chloroplast is an important organelle found in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis. It is enclosed by a pair of closely spaced membranes, the double-membrane envelope, consisting of the inner membrane bounding the matrix or stroma and the outer membrane … Read more
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction is the process by which DNA is separated from proteins, membranes, and other cellular material contained in the cell from which it is recovered. The simplest cells, such as bacteria cells, are prokaryotes. These prokaryotes comprise … Read more
This method is modified by Anderson and Parker. Prepare serial tenfold dilutions in peptone water of food. Aseptically transfer sterile cellulose acetate membranes to the surface or dried glutamate agar. Transfer duplicate 1.0 mL aliquots of each dilution to cellulose … Read more