Biotechnology Notes | Microbe Notes

Centrifugal force- definition, formula, Principle, Examples (vs Centripetal force)

October 16, 2020 by Anupama Sapkota

Centrifugal force definition Centrifugal force is an outward fictitious force that is experienced by an object moving in a circular path directed away from the center of rotation. The direction of this force is away from the axis of rotation and is parallel to the axis of rotation. Centrifugal force is equal in magnitude and dimensions with another force (centripetal) …

Ultracentrifuge- Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, Procedure, Uses

October 16, 2020 by Anupama Sapkota

Ultracentrifuge Definition Ultracentrifuge is a sophisticated and advanced centrifuge that operates at an extremely high speed and separates smaller molecules that cannot be separated from the traditional centrifuges. The speed of the rotors in ultracentrifuge can range from 60,000 rpm to 150,000 rpm. Ultracentrifuges are mostly operated in more facilitated laboratories to perform more advanced operations. These are larger in …

14 Types of Chromatography (Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses)

July 11, 2020 by Anupama Sapkota

Chromatography Definition Chromatography is an important biophysical technique that enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components of a mixture for qualitative and quantitative analysis. A wide range of chromatographic procedures makes use of differences in size, binding affinities, charge, and other properties to separate materials. It is a powerful separation tool that is used in all branches of …

Enzyme Technology

January 2, 2020April 6, 2019 by Sagar Aryal

Enzyme Technology The enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process. Enzymes found in nature have been used since ancient times in the production of food products, such as cheese, sourdough, beer, wine and vinegar, and in the manufacture of commodities …

Bioremediation

September 6, 2020April 3, 2019 by Sagar Aryal

Bioremediation Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean a polluted site. It is a process that uses mainly microorganisms but also plants, or microbial or plant enzymes to detoxify contaminants in the soil and other environments. The concept includes biodegradation, which refers to …

Cell Fusion- Types and Significance

January 4, 2020March 3, 2019 by Sagar Aryal

Cell Fusion- Types and Significance Until recently, cells were thought to be integral and discrete components of tissues, and their state was determined by cell differentiation. However, under some conditions, stem cells or their progeny can fuse with cells of other types, mixing cytoplasmic and even genetic material of different (heterotypic) origins. Cell fusion is an important cellular process in which several uninuclear cells (cells with …

Embryo Transfer

January 8, 2020March 1, 2019 by Sagar Aryal

Embryo Transfer Embryo refers to the early developmental stage of an animal while it is in the egg or within the uterus of the mother. In humans the term is applied to the unborn child until the end of the seventh week following conception; from the eighth week, the unborn child is called a fetus. Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process …

Submerged Fermentation

January 13, 2020February 28, 2019 by Sagar Aryal

Submerged fermentation- Principle, Methods, Substrate, Applications, Advantages and Limitations Fermentation is the technique of biological conversion of complex substrates into simple compounds by various microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. In the course of this metabolic breakdown, they also release several additional compounds apart from the usual products of fermentation, such as carbon dioxide and alcohol. These additional compounds are called …

Plant Tissue Culture

January 1, 2020February 24, 2019 by Sagar Aryal

Plant Tissue Culture Plant Tissue culture is the in vitro aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs or whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental conditions often to produce the clones of plants. It refers to a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of the known composition. The …

Micropropagation- Stages, Types, Applications, Advantages, Limitations

January 15, 2020February 21, 2019 by Sagar Aryal

Micropropagation- Stages, Types, Applications, Advantages, Limitations Micropropagation is the rapid vegetative propagation of plants under in vitro conditions of high light intensity, controlled temperature, and a defined nutrient medium. The technique has been applied to a substantial number of commercial vegetatively propagated plant species. Plants can be propagated by sexual (through the generation of seeds) or asexual (through multiplication of …