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Genetics

Genetics is a branch of natural science that deals with heredity due to the transmission of genes, gene regulation, and gene manipulation.

  • Genetics is a connecting link between many disciplines like microbiology, biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture.
  • Studies involving genes and chromosomes of living beings began quite late as it requires significant advances in the microscopy area.
  • The influence of heredity and its application of cultivation and production improved organisms, however, had been recognized since ancient times.
  • The study of genes and genetics began as a major concept after studies made by Mendel on pea plants. It was further strengthened and flourished by the works of Morgan.
  • Eventually, genetics became a distinct area of study with the identification of genes and the study of genes at different levels, including their role in the cell, their regulation, and their expression.
  • Initially, genetics was limited to understanding the concept and process of heredity via techniques like the formation of Punnet’s square. With the development of techniques like X-ray diffraction, the structure of DNA, and the presence of genetic code were established. This paved the way for modern genetics.
  • Modern genetics focuses on the chemical composition of structures found in genes like the DNA that influences the chemical reactions taking place in the cell.
  • Gene expression is influenced by two major factors; the genetic composition and the influence of the environment.
  • The influence of the environment on gene expression can be distinctly observed in green plants where the gene responsible for the formation of chlorophyll is only expressed in the presence of sunlight.
  •  Genes, through the proteins they encode, determine how efficiently foods and chemicals are metabolized, how effectively toxins are detoxified, and even how vigorously infections are targeted.
  • Processes like mutations are now a significant cause of major genetic diseases. The mutations might arise due to a complex combination of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors.

Heterologous Chromosomes: Characteristics, Significances

September 10, 2023 by Sanju Tamang
Heterologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes carry genetic information within cells and provide instructions for an organism’s growth, development, and functioning. In diploid organisms, chromosomes are usually present in pairs, with each pair consisting of … Read more

Homologous Chromosomes: Characteristics, Significances

September 9, 2023 by Sanju Tamang
Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes are essential components of the genetic material located in the nucleus of cells. They are thread-like structures that consist of DNA and proteins. Homologous chromosomes, also known as homologs, are … Read more

Extrachromosomal Inheritance: Types, Modes, Uses

September 3, 2023 by Sanju Tamang
Extrachromosomal Inheritance

Inheritance is the transfer of genetic information or traits from one cell or individual to another. While most inherited traits follow patterns of chromosomal inheritance, where genes on the chromosomes … Read more

Chromosome Mapping: Definition, Types, Importance

September 9, 2023August 28, 2023 by Sanju Tamang
Chromosome Mapping

Chromosome mapping means determining the relative positions of genes in a chromosome by creating maps that are used to organize and understand genetic information on chromosomes. These maps show the … Read more

Gene Interactions: Types, Examples, Mapping, Significances

August 24, 2023 by Sanju Tamang
Gene-Interactions

Gene interactions refer to the relationships between genes that affect the phenotype of an organism. Gene interactions occur when allelic or non-allelic genes affect the expression of specific phenotypic traits … Read more

Mendelian Inheritance: Mendelism or Mendelian Genetics

August 21, 2023 by Sanju Tamang
Mendelian-Inheritance-Mendelism-or-Mendelian-Genetics

Mendelian inheritance, also known as Mendelism or Mendelian genetics, is a set of principles that explain how hereditary traits are passed from parents to their offspring. These principles were initially … Read more

Apomorphy: Definition, Mechanism, Examples, Uses

August 4, 2023August 3, 2023 by Krisha Karki
Apomorphy

Apomorphy is a term used in evolutionary biology to describe a derived or advanced characteristic or trait unique to a particular evolutionary lineage or species. Likewise, it represents a departure … Read more

Alleles: Definition, Types, Features, Applications

August 3, 2023 by Nidhi Dewangan
Alleles

A key component of genetics, alleles are crucial for comprehending genetic variation and inheritance patterns. They are distinct gene variants that reside at the same chromosomal locus (position). For each … Read more

Synapomorphy- Definition, Importance, Examples

August 3, 2023 by Nidhi Dewangan
Synapomorphy

The term synapomorphy is derived from the ancient Greek terms, ‘syn’ meaning ‘with, together’, ‘apo’ which means ‘moving away’, and ‘morphe’ which refers to ‘form or shape’. It was coined … Read more

Somatic Mutation- Definition, Causes, Outcomes, Diseases

August 3, 2023 by Nidhi Dewangan
Somatic Mutation

Cells regularly go through mutational changes as a part of evolution. Mutation refers to the changes that occur in the DNA sequences during the replication process of cell division. It … Read more

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