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Genetics

Genetics is a branch of natural science that deals with heredity due to the transmission of genes, gene regulation, and gene manipulation.

  • Genetics is a connecting link between many disciplines like microbiology, biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture.
  • Studies involving genes and chromosomes of living beings began quite late as it requires significant advances in the microscopy area.
  • The influence of heredity and its application of cultivation and production improved organisms, however, had been recognized since ancient times.
  • The study of genes and genetics began as a major concept after studies made by Mendel on pea plants. It was further strengthened and flourished by the works of Morgan.
  • Eventually, genetics became a distinct area of study with the identification of genes and the study of genes at different levels, including their role in the cell, their regulation, and their expression.
  • Initially, genetics was limited to understanding the concept and process of heredity via techniques like the formation of Punnet’s square. With the development of techniques like X-ray diffraction, the structure of DNA, and the presence of genetic code were established. This paved the way for modern genetics.
  • Modern genetics focuses on the chemical composition of structures found in genes like the DNA that influences the chemical reactions taking place in the cell.
  • Gene expression is influenced by two major factors; the genetic composition and the influence of the environment.
  • The influence of the environment on gene expression can be distinctly observed in green plants where the gene responsible for the formation of chlorophyll is only expressed in the presence of sunlight.
  •  Genes, through the proteins they encode, determine how efficiently foods and chemicals are metabolized, how effectively toxins are detoxified, and even how vigorously infections are targeted.
  • Processes like mutations are now a significant cause of major genetic diseases. The mutations might arise due to a complex combination of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors.

Telomeres and Telomerase: Structure and Functions

April 1, 2025March 30, 2025 by Kritisha Guragain
Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres are the structure of nucleoproteins that are present at the end of chromosomes in eukaryotes (Rhodes & Giraldo, 1995). These telomeres are similar to the cap that preserves the … Read more

Dominant vs. Recessive Traits in Plants, Animals & Humans

April 9, 2025March 3, 2025 by Dibyak Kapali
Dominant and Recessive Traits

There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each human cell and hundreds of thousands of distinct genes on each chromosome. An individual inherits two versions of each gene, known as … Read more

Genotypic Ratio: Definition, Calculation & Examples

April 9, 2025February 5, 2025 by Bikash Dwivedi
Genotypic Ratio

The genotypic ratio is the depiction of the ratio of the resulting patterns and frequencies of inherited genes after crossing in the offspring of organisms. In simple language, it is … Read more

Chromosomal Mutations: Causes, Types & Examples Explained

April 9, 2025January 10, 2025 by Anupama Sapkota
Chromosomal Mutations

Chromosomes are long thread-like structures of DNA that contain part or all of the genetic material of an organism. Chromosomal Mutation Definition The chromosomal mutation is the process of change … Read more

Natural vs. Artificial Selection: 17 Key Differences, Examples

April 9, 2025January 3, 2025 by Anupama Sapkota
Differences Between Natural and Artificial Selection

Natural selection definition Natural selection is a process of adaptation by an organism to the changing environment by bringing selective changes to its genotype or genetic composition. Artificial selection definition … Read more

Polygenic Inheritance: Definition, Characteristics, Examples

February 3, 2025December 4, 2024 by Babita Sharma
Polygenic Inheritance

Polygenic inheritance is defined as some phenotypic character determined by the additive effect of more than one gene on a single character. Two types of genes and alleles are involved … Read more

Monohybrid Cross: Definition, Steps & Examples Explained

December 28, 2024November 8, 2024 by Anupama Sapkota
Monohybrid Cross

A Monohybrid cross is a type of genetic cross between two individuals with homozygous genotypes of a single character or trait, often resulting in an opposite phenotype. Steps of Monohybrid … Read more

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment: Definition & Examples

December 28, 2024October 28, 2024 by Anupama Sapkota
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment states that ‘when the parents differ from each other in two or more pairs of contrasting characters, the inheritance of one pair of characters is … Read more

Okazaki Fragments: Definition, Formation & Importance

December 25, 2024September 21, 2024 by Dibyak Kapali
Okazaki Fragments

Okazaki fragments are short DNA nucleotide sequences with an RNA primer at the 5′ end that are synthesized discontinuously and later joined by the enzyme DNA ligase to form the … Read more

Homologous Chromosomes Unveiled: Key Traits & Significance

December 25, 2024September 3, 2024 by Sanju Tamang
Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes are essential components of the genetic material located in the nucleus of cells. They are thread-like structures that consist of DNA and proteins.  Homologous chromosomes, also known as homologs, … Read more

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