Barfoed's Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses

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Barfoed’s Test Definition

Barfoed’s test is a chemical test used to detect the presence of monosaccharides which detects reducing monosaccharides in the presence of disaccharides. This reaction can be used for disaccharides, but the reaction would be very slow.

Objectives of Barfoed’s Test

To detect reducing carbohydrates.
To distinguish reducing monosaccharides from disaccharides.

Principle of Barfoed’s Test

The Barfoed reagent is made up of copper acetate in a dilute solution of acetic acid. Since acidic pH is unfavorable for reduction, monosaccharides, which are strong reducing agents, react in about 1-2 min. However, the reducing disaccharides take a longer time of about 7-8 minutes, having first to get hydrolyzed in the acidic solution and then react with the reagent. Once the reaction takes place, thin red precipitate forms at the bottom of the sides of the tube. The difference in the time of appearance of precipitate thus helps distinguish reducing monosaccharides from reducing disaccharides.

Reaction

(CH₃COO)₂Cu + 2H₂O → 2CH₃COOH + Cu(OH)₂

Cu(OH)₂ → CuO + H₂O

D-glucose + 2CuO → D-gluconic acid + Cu₂O

Requirements

1. Reagent

Barfoed’s reagent: 0.33M solution of copper acetate is added to 1% acetic acid. The freshly prepared reagent should be used for the assay.
Sample

2. Materials Required

Test tubes
Test tube stand
Pipettes

3. Equipment

Water bath
Vortex

Procedure of Barfoed’s Test

Take 1 ml of a given sample in a clean, dry test tube. The concentration of disaccharides sample (if used) should not exceed 1% (w/v).
Take control of 1 ml of distilled water in another tube.
Add about 2-3 drops of Barfoed’s reagent to both the tubes and mix them in a vortex.
Keep the test tubes in the water bath for 1-2 minutes. The boiling should not be done for more than 2 minutes as the disaccharides might hydrolyze into monosaccharides and give a positive result.
Observe the appearance of color in the test tubes.
Noted own the time taken for the appearance of color in the tubes.

Result and Interpretation of Barfoed’s Test

Image Reaction Source: Chemistry Learner, Created with BioRender.com.

The presence of red precipitate detects the presence of reducing monosaccharides in the sample.
If the color appears within the first few minutes, the sample contains reducing monosaccharides.
However, if the color appears later than the first 3 minutes, the sample is of reducing disaccharides.

Uses of Barfoed’s Test

This test is used to identify reducing monosaccharides and distinguish the reducing disaccharides from reducing monosaccharides.

Limitation of Barfoed’s Test

This test cannot be used to detect sugar in urine as urine contains Cl^– ions, which might interfere with the reaction.
If a higher concentration of disaccharides is present in a sample, it might give a positive result.

References and Sources

Tiwari A. (2015). Practical Biochemistry. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.
3% – https://www.coursehero.com/file/70797005/Lab-Report-3-Carbohydratedocx/
2% – https://www.coursehero.com/file/p6hnhh1n/2-Barfoeds-Test-Barfoeds-test-is-used-to-distinguish-between-reducing-mono-and/
2% – https://generalchemistrylab.blogspot.com/2011/12/barfoeds-test-for-monosaccharides.html
1% – https://www.coursehero.com/file/pml2bh/6-Place-the-test-tubes-in-a-boiling-water-bath-for-10-minutes-to-develop-the/
1% – https://medicalstudyzone.com/barfoeds-test/
1% – https://allmedicalstuff.com/benedicts-test/

Barfoed’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses