Online microbiology notes by SAGAR ARYAL
Carbohydrates are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon or oxygen atoms. The general formula for a carbohydrate can be written as Cx(H2O)y. They act as the source of energy (e.g. glucose), as a store of energy (e.g. starch and glycogen) and as structural units (e.g. … Read moreCarbohydrates
Active Transport- Types and Significance To sustain life, many substances need to be transported into, out of, and between cells. In some cases, this can be accomplished through passive transport, which uses no energy. In many cases, however, the cell needs to transport something against its concentration gradient. In these cases, active transport is required. Active transport mechanisms require … Read moreActive Transport- Types and Significance
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the major nutrients the body needs for growth, repair, movement and maintaining tissue and organ function. These macromolecules are broken down and absorbed into the body at different rates and into specific forms as they travel through the organs in the digestive … Read moreDigestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats
Heme Synthesis Hemes are cyclic tetrapyrroles that contain iron and are commonly found as the prosthetic group of hemoglobin, myoglobin and the cytochromes. Location of Heme Synthesis Heme synthesis takes place in the cytosol and mitochondria of cells of the liver and bone marrow. Substrates: Succinyl A CoA; glycine; Fe2+ Product: Heme. Overview of the … Read moreHeme Synthesis
Heme Degradation Hemes are cyclic tetrapyrroles that contain iron and are commonly found as the prosthetic group of hemoglobin, myoglobin and the cytochromes. This small-molecule component of globins, critical for oxygen transport among other functions undergo a complex process of metabolism and degradation. Roughly 80% of heme destined for degradation and excretion comes from senescent … Read moreHeme Degradation
Membrane Carbohydrate Cell membranes are selective barriers that separate individual cells and cellular compartments. Membranes are assemblies of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids held together by binding forces. Carbohydrates are covalently linked to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) and also an important part of cell membranes, and function as adhesion and address loci for cells. The Fluid Mosaic Model describes membranes as a … Read moreMembrane Carbohydrate
Phosphoketolase (Heterolactic) Pathway The phosphoketolase pathway is distinguished by the key cleavage enzyme, phosphoketolase. Phosphoketolase in the pathway cleaves pentose phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and acetyl phosphate which is the prime reaction of the pathway. As a fermentation pathway, it is employed mainly by the heterolactic acid bacteria which carry out heterolactic fermentation. Heterolactic fermentation is a type of lactic acid fermentation in which … Read morePhosphoketolase (Heterolactic) Pathway
Degradation and Deterioration Nature has always provided, in considerable amounts and variety, polymeric materials with interesting compositions and structures. These natural polymers include polysaccharides, such as cellulose, chitin, starch, alginate, galactan, hyaluronic acid, dextran, and gellan, obtained from plants, animals, and microbial sources and polyesters, such as poly(b-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(b-hydroxybutyrate-co-b–hydroxyvalerate), produced by numerous bacteria. In biological … Read moreDegradation and Deterioration
Galactose Metabolism Galactose is a major dietary sugar for humans. The hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose (in milk) yields galactose and glucose. Galactose and glucose are epimers that differ in their configuration at C-4. Thus the entry of galactose into glycolysis requires an epimerization reaction. This occurs via a four-step pathway called the galactose–glucose interconversion … Read moreGalactose Metabolism
Protein Databases- Types and Importance As biology has increasingly turned into a data-rich science, the need for storing and communicating large datasets has grown tremendously. The obvious examples are the nucleotide sequences, the protein sequences, and the 3D structural data produced by X-ray crystallography and macromolecular NMR. The biological information of proteins is available as sequences … Read moreProtein Databases- Types and Importance