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Diseases

Diseases are abnormal medical conditions that negatively affect either the structure or function of a part of an organism other than the immediate external injuries.

  • There are two types of diseases, viz—communicable and non-communicable diseases.
  • Infectious or communicable diseases are caused by viruses, pathogens, and other parasites that affect the host and can transmit from person to person. In contrast, non-communicable diseases might occur due to exposure to radiation, genetic inheritance, and an unhealthy lifestyle.
  • Whenever a disease-causing virus or pathogen enters the body of a host, the body shows two responses to it; clinical and immunologic. 
  • The white blood cells, mainly known for the defense against external microorganisms, attack such antigens which may result in different reactions such as fever, cold, headache, sweating, change in the rate of heartbeat, etc.
  • Plants also suffer from several diseases which are primarily caused by non-native viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. 
  • A few of such diseases that cause significant damage are a chestnut blight, butternut canker, Dogwood anthracnose, Elm yellows, etc.
  • Similarly, diseases are observed in plants and animals. Various bacteria and viruses cause diseases such as Anthrax, Black-quarter, Bluetongue, Pox. Rabies, etc. infect dogs, wolves, and foxes. 
  • The most effective and efficient way to prevent diseases is sanitation, proper nutrition, exercise, and self-care. 
  • Moreover, different forms of vaccines have been developed to prevent severe diseases like Cholera, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, Rabies, Yellow fever.
  • Although diseases can be fatal to humans, animals, and plants, their scientific study is useful in other fields of study.
  • Knowledge regarding disease-causing pathogens and bacteria helps microbiologists understand the nature and characteristics of various microorganisms.
  • Scientific diagnosis of parasites encourages people to take preventive measures for themselves and other animals.
  • Diseases have been an essential topic of research and findings in food microbiology as food and water are primary modes of transmission of many infectious diseases.

Infection is the invasion and multiplication of the body tissue of an organism by pathogenic agents like bacteria and viruses.

  • Infection is often used as a synonym for disease even though the two are quite different. Infection is the entry of an agent into the body while a disease is the changes occurring in the body as a result of that entry.
  • All infections are caused by infectious agents which can be either bacteria, virus, fungi, or a parasite.
  • Infection is communicable that transmits due to the transmission of the infectious agent by different modes of transmission.
  • Depending on the infectious agent, infections are of four types; viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection, and parasitic infection.
  • Infections might not result in particular symptoms like diseases, as most infections tend to be subclinical.
  • Infections might be localized where the infectious agent only infects a particular organ or tissue or can be systemic where the agent reaches different parts of the body via blood or lymph to infect different organs and tissues.
  • Microorganisms that belong to the normal flora of an organism are not considered infectious agents unless they reach the sterile parts of the body to initiate some form of infection.
  • The pathophysiology of infections differs from one agent to another, but the general pattern of infections flows a similar trajectory; entry, colonization, disease, and transmission.
  • Symptoms of infections are also different depending on the type of infection, but some common symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, coughing, and sneezing.
  • The diagnosis of infection is based on the identification of the infectious agent via different diagnostic processes.
  • Some infections might show symptoms that allow for the symptomatic diagnosis, yet it usually needs further confirmation.
  • Infections are directly dependent on the infectious agent and the immune response of the host against the said agent.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)- An Overview

May 10, 2022April 30, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Urinary Tract Infection

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of the urinary tract. The urinary system is made up of the kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra. Most UTIs are restricted … Read more

Rickettsia Infection- Tick-Borne Rickettsioses And Spotted Fever

May 4, 2022April 26, 2022 by Sushmita Dura
Rickettsia Infection- Tick-Borne Rickettsioses And Spotted Fever

Rickettsia is small-sized intracellular bacteria about 0.3 to 2 µm and because of its small size, it was thought to be a virus. These bacteria multiply in the cytoplasm of … Read more

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)

May 4, 2022March 3, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)

The Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), is also alternatively referred to as verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). All members of this group are defined by the … Read more

Communicable vs Non-communicable Diseases- Definition, 17 Differences, Examples

May 4, 2022January 19, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
communicable and non-communicable diseases differences

Communicable diseases definition Communicable diseases are the diseases that are caused by infectious agents and can be transmitted from an infected person to other people, animals, or other sources in … Read more

Cysticercosis- Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment

January 18, 2022 by Laxmi Neupane
Cysticercosis

What is Cysticercosis? Cysticercosis refers to the tissue infection caused by the metacestode, or larval stage, of Taenia solium. It is acquired by the accidental ingestion of T. solium eggs. … Read more

Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar)- Causes, Lab diagnosis, Treatments

January 14, 2022 by Laxmi Neupane
Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar)

What is Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar)? Visceral leishmaniasis is sometimes known as systemic leishmaniasis or kala-azar. Kala-azar also is known as black fever or Dumdum fever in Asia. It usually occurs … Read more

Diarrhea vs Dysentery- Definition and 21 Major Differences

May 1, 2022January 13, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Differences between Diarrhea and Dysentery

Differences between Diarrhea and Dysentery Diarrhea and dysentery are two distinct medical conditions which are often used synonymously. However, both the terms and these clinical conditions have clear differences as … Read more

Acute disease vs Chronic disease- Definition, 13 Differences, Examples

May 4, 2022January 9, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
differences between Acute disease and Chronic disease

Acute disease definition Acute disease is a condition or a disorder that comes on or onsets rapidly and lasts for a shorter period of time. The period of time associated … Read more

Foodborne Infection by Shigella- Shigellosis Food Poisoning

December 14, 2021December 14, 2021 by Sushmita Dura
Food-borne infection by Shigella- Shigellosis

What is Shigella infection? Shigella species are responsible for causing acute gastrointestinal tract infections that damage the ileal and colonic epithelium and cause bacillary dysentery. Shigella infection is mainly reported … Read more

Type 1 Diabetes vs Type 2 Diabetes (14 major differences)

May 4, 2022June 20, 2021 by Anupama Sapkota
type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes

Image Source: Everyday Health. (Gwen Shockey/Alamy) Differences between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes Features Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Nature of disease It is an autoimmune disease … Read more

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