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Molecular Biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that deals with the composition, structure, and function of cellular molecules like proteins and nucleic acids essential for the cellular functions and mechanisms.

  • Molecular biology is primarily focused on nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, their structure, composition, expression, and interactions among themselves.
  • Molecular biology is slowly becoming an important area of research with the discovery that nucleic acids and other biomolecules play a vital role in the normal functioning of the body.
  • Molecular biology developed as a separate discipline from other branches like biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics.
  • Over the years, many techniques have been developed in molecular biology; however, researchers tend to use methods and techniques native to genetics.
  • Common techniques used in molecular biology include X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of nucleic acids.
  • The discipline focuses on the molecular mechanism of genetic processes so that genes can be used for genetic engineering to isolate, modify, and sequence genes.
  • Initial studies in molecular biology were involved in the determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins in order to understand their structure and mechanism of action and expression.
  • Initial studies in molecular biology were based on the rapid growth and readily manipulable genetics of simple bacteria, such as E. coli, and their viruses. 
  • More recently, not only the fundamental principles but also many of the experimental approaches first developed in prokaryotes have been successfully applied to eukaryotic cells. 
  • Current advances in recombinant DNA technology have made even the determination of the complete sequence of the human genome a feasible project.
  • Complete genome sequencing of various living beings, including humans, has been done with modern approaches like DNA sequencing techniques and PCR.
  • Studies of molecular biology have also been applied in clinical research and medical therapies, both of which are covered under gene therapy.
  • Molecular biology also plays a vital role in studies related to regulations of various parts of a cell, which can then be used to target new drugs and diagnose diseases efficiently.

Flow Cytometry-Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Types, Uses

May 13, 2022April 11, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
Flow Cytometry-Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Types, Uses

Flow Cytometry Definition Flow cytometry is a standard laser-based technology that is used in the detection and measurement of physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in a heterogeneous … Read more

Exon- Definition, Structure, Splicing, Process of Splicing

April 20, 2022April 9, 2022 by Nidhi Abhay Kulkarni
Exon

Exon is defined as the segment of the eukaryotic gene that encodes a portion of the final product of the gene (protein). Exon = Expressed regions  Exon is also defined … Read more

Primer- Definition, Types, Primer Design Online Tools, Uses

March 24, 2022March 18, 2022 by Suchitra Ajjarapu
Primer

What is Primer? Primer is a short stretch of sequence that serves as an initiation point for DNA synthesis. There can be a set of primers (forward and reverse) with … Read more

Plasmids- Definition, Properties, Structure, Types, Functions, Examples

March 15, 2022March 13, 2022 by Nidhi Abhay Kulkarni
Plasmid Structure

What are Plasmids? Plasmids are small circular DNA fragments, double-stranded, self-replicating extra chromosomal structures found in many microorganisms.  The term Plasmid was coined by Joshua Lederberg in 1952. Plasmids are … Read more

Nucleotide- Definition, Characteristics, Biosynthesis, Functions

March 15, 2022March 11, 2022 by Nidhi Abhay Kulkarni
Nucleotide

What is a Nucleotide? A nucleotide is a pentose sugar linked to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate molecule. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA. The nitrogenous bases are derived … Read more

Central Dogma- Replication, Transcription, Translation

May 6, 2022March 10, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Central Dogma- Replication, Transcription, Translation

DNA contains the complete genetic information that defines the structure and function of an organism. Proteins are formed using the genetic code of the DNA. Conversion of DNA encoded information … Read more

Topoisomerase- Definition, Types, Structure, Functions, Mechanism

February 28, 2022February 27, 2022 by Bikash Dwivedi
Topoisomerase

Isomerase enzymes form or assist in forming isomers of any biological components. They assist in the rearrangement process of different biomolecules during the formation or breakage of bonds. Topoisomerase is … Read more

Transposable elements- definition, types, examples, applications

May 6, 2022February 23, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
transposable elements

Transposable elements definition Transposable elements (TE) or transposons can be defined as small, mobile DNA sequences that move around chromosomes with no regard for homology, and insertion of these elements … Read more

Nucleoside- Definition, Types, Structure, Functions

March 23, 2022February 19, 2022 by Nidhi Abhay Kulkarni
Nucleoside

What is Nucleoside? A nucleoside is a molecule with a pentose sugar linked to a nitrogenous base or glycosylamines. A nucleoside can also be defined as a nucleotide without a … Read more

Anticodon- Definition, Principle, Functions, Examples

April 21, 2022February 10, 2022 by Nidhi Abhay Kulkarni
Anticodon

What is Anticodon? Anticodon is a trinucleotide sequence present on one arm of the tRNA (transfer RNA) which is complementary to the sequence or codon present on mRNA (messenger RNA). … Read more

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