Calcofluor White Staining Calcofluor white is a chemifluorescent blue dye that is nonspecifically used to bind to the beta linked-polysaccharide polymers of amoebic cysts. It functions by being able to bind to 1-3 beta and 1-4 beta polysaccharides on chitin and cellulose that is present in cell walls on fungi, plants, and algae. Due to … Read more Calcofluor White Staining
Grocott-Gomori’s Methenamine Silver (GMS) stain is a histological stain that is used majorly for the identification of carbohydrates in fungal microorganisms. This staining method was named after György Gömöri, a physician from Hungary, who developed the staining methodology. Its initial application to assess missing tissues and diseases in the liver and the rectum (Nadworny, Wang, … Read more Grocott-Gomori’s Methenamine Silver Staining
Introduction Giemsa stain was a name adopted from a Germany Chemist scientist, for his application of a combination of reagents in demonstrating the presence of parasites in malaria. It belongs to a group of stains known as Romanowsky stains. These are neutral stains made up of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue, azure, and Eosin … Read more Giemsa Stain- Principle, Procedure, Results, Interpretation
The Gram stain was developed by Christian Gram in 1884 and modified by Hucker in 1921. The objective of Gram Stain This test differentiates the bacteria into Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria, which helps in the classification and differentiation of microorganisms. The Gram stain separates bacteria into two groups: (1) Gram-positive microorganisms that retain the primary … Read more Gram Stain- Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result Interpretation
Special stains have been developed over time for identifying bacteria species, differentiating them morphologically, and even characterizing there very special features. The most common stain being Gram Staining, Acid-fast staining, endospore staining. Each of these stains aims at identifying and characterizing bacteria based on their morphologies. Albert stain is no different. Its application aim at … Read more Albert Staining- Principle, Reagents, Procedure, Results, Interpretation
Introduction A normal bacterial cell is known as a vegetative form of a bacterial cell. It can multiply freely when provided with conducive environmental conditions like the provision of nutrients, temperature, water, and oxygen. But some groups of bacteria, when exposed to unfavorable conditions such us, lack of nutrients, an insufficient supply of oxygen or … Read more Endospore Staining- Types, principle, procedure and Interpretation
Objective of Flagella Stain This technique is used to visualize the presence and arrangement of flagella for the presumptive identification of motile bacterial species. Principle of Flagella Stain Flagella are too thin to be visualized using a bright field microscope with ordinary stains, such as the Gram stain, or a simple stain. A wet mount … Read more Flagella Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
Spore Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation Members of the anaerobic genera Clostridium and Desulfotomaculum and the aerobic genus Bacillus are examples of organisms that have the capacity to exist either as metabolically active vegetative cells or as highly resistant, metabolically inactive cell types called spores. When environmental conditions become unfavorable for continuing vegetative cellular … Read more Spore Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
Capsule Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation A capsule is a gelatinous outer layer that is secreted by the cell and that surrounds and adheres to the cell wall. It is not common to all organisms. Cells that have a heavy capsule are generally virulent and capable of producing disease, since the structure protects bacteria … Read more Capsule Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
Negative Staining- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation Objectives of Negative Staining To perform a negative staining procedure. To understand the benefit obtained from visualizing unstained microorganisms. Principle of Negative Staining Negative staining requires the use of an acidic stain such as India ink or nigrosin. The acidic stain, with its negatively charged chromogen, will not … Read more Negative Staining- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
Simple Staining- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation Objectives of Simple Staining To perform a simple staining procedure. To compare the morphological shapes and arrangements of bacterial cells. Principle of Simple Staining In simple staining, the bacterial smear is stained with a single reagent, which produces a distinctive contrast between the organism and its background. Basic stains with … Read more Simple Staining- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
Acridine Orange Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation Objective Differential staining of nucleic acids including DNA and RNA. Principle Acridine orange, a vital stain, will intercalate with nucleic acid, changing the dye’s optical characteristics so that it will fluoresce bright orange under ultraviolet light. All nucleic acid–containing cells will fluoresce orange. Acridine orange is a … Read more Acridine Orange Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
Acid Fast Stain (Kinyoun-Cold Method)- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation Objective of Kinyoun-Cold Method Identification of acid-fast Mycobacterium spp. and parasites such as Cryptosporidium and Isopora spp. Principle of Kinyoun-Cold Method Acid-fast mycobacteria contain mycolic acid in their outer membrane, making the cells waxy and resistant to staining with aqueous based stains such as the Gram stain. … Read more Acid Fast Stain (Kinyoun-Cold Method)- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
Acid Fast Stain- Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result Interpretation It is also know as Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Objective of Acid Fast Stain The main aim objective of this stain is to differentiate bacteria into acid fast group and non-acid fast groups. Principle of Acid Fast Stain Acid-fast mycobacteria contain mycolic acid in their outer membrane, making the cells … Read more Acid Fast Stain- Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result Interpretation
