Gel Filtration Chromatography Biomolecules are purified using different techniques that separate them according to the differences in their specific properties such as size, hydrophobicity, biorecognition, charge, etc. Gel filtration is a technique in which the separation of components is based on the difference in molecular weight or size. It is the simplest and mildest of … Read more Gel Filtration Chromatography
Gel Permeation Chromatography Gel permeation chromatography is also called as gel filtration or size exclusion chromatography. In size exclusion chromatography, the stationary phase is a porous matrix made up of compounds like cross-linked polystyrene, cross-like dextrans, polyacrylamide gels, agarose gels, etc. The separation is based on the analyte molecular sizes since the gel behaves like … Read more Gel Permeation Chromatography
Gamma-ray (γ-ray) Spectroscopy Gamma rays are an ultrahigh frequency of light that is emitted by radioactive elements, energetic celestial bodies such as black holes and neutron stars, and high energy events such as nuclear explosions and supernovae. Gamma-ray (γ-ray) spectroscopy is a quick and nondestructive analytical technique that can be used to identify various radioactive … Read more Gamma-ray (γ-ray) Spectroscopy
Solid State Fermentation (SSF) Solid State Fermentation (SSF) is a fermentation method used by several industries like the pharmaceuticals, food, textile etc., to produce metabolites of microorganisms using solid support in place of the liquid medium. It is defined as the growth of microbes without free-flowing aqueous phase. The SSF is alternative to submerged fermentation for … Read more Solid State Fermentation (SSF)
Darkfield Microscopy Microbiology, the branch of science that has so vastly extended and expanded our knowledge of the living world, owes its existence to Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. In 1673, with the aid of a crude microscope consisting of a biconcave lens enclosed in two metal plates, Leeuwenhoek introduced the world to the existence of microbial … Read more Darkfield Microscopy
X-Ray Spectroscopy- Principle, Instrumentation and Applications X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV, produced by the deceleration of high-energy electrons. X-ray spectroscopy is a general term for several spectroscopic techniques for characterization of materials by using x-ray excitation. … Read more X-Ray Spectroscopy- Principle, Instrumentation and Applications
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy Infrared (IR) spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy is an analytical technique that takes advantage of the vibrational transitions of a molecule. It is one of the most common and widely used spectroscopic techniques employed mainly by inorganic and organic chemists due to its usefulness in determining structures of compounds and identifying them. The … Read more Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
Mass Spectrometry (MS)- Principle, Working, Instrumentation, Steps, Applications Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that helps identify the amount and type of chemicals present in a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio and abundance of gas-phase ions. In this instrumental technique, sample is converted to rapidly moving positive ions by electron bombardment and charged … Read more Mass Spectrometry (MS)- Principle, Working, Instrumentation, Steps, Applications
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)- Principle, Instrumentation, Applications Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) also known as Electron Magnetic Resonance (EMR) or Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) is a branch of absorption spectroscopy in which radiations having frequency in the microwave region (0.04 – 25 cm) is absorbed by paramagnetic substances to induce transitions between magnetic energy levels of … Read more Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)- Principle, Instrumentation, Applications
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. It is a spectroscopy technique which is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency region 4 to 900 MHz by nuclei of the atoms. Over … Read more Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy