Skip to contentAgricultural Microbiology Notes
- Microbial degradation of cellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of chitin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of hemicellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of lignin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of pectin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial interaction and its types with examples
- Microorganisms found in soil with effects and examples
- Organic waste recycling (methods, steps, significance, barriers)
- Phyllosphere microorganisms- Examples, Factors, Effects
- Plant Tissue Culture
- Rhizospheric microorganisms and effects, PGPR and Mycorrhiza
- Soil Formation (Pedogenesis)- Factors, Process/Steps, Examples
- Soil- Definition, Composition, Properties, Types and Uses
Bacteriology Notes
- 12 Differences between Pneumococcus and Viridans streptococci
- 20 Differences between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
- 21 Difference between O antigen and H antigen (O vs H antigen)
- 25 Differences between Anthrax bacilli and Anthracoid bacilli
- 32 Differences between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Acinetobacter baumannii- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
- Acinetobacter baumannii- Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
- Aerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST)- Types and Limitations
- Bacillus cereus- An Overview
- Bacterial Sizes, Shapes and Arrangement with Examples
- Biochemical Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Clinical manifestation and Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes
- Clinical manifestation and Pathogenicity of Bacillus cereus
- Clostridium perfringens- An Overview
- Clostridium perfringens- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Clostridium perfringens- Pathogenesis, Clinical Features
- Collection and transport of stool specimens
- Cultural and Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus
- Cultural Characteristics of Bacillus cereus
- Cultural characteristics of Clostridium perfringens
- Cultural Characteristics of E. coli
- Cultural Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Culture media used in Microbiology with their uses
- E. coli Pathotypes- ETEC, EPEC, EHEC, EAEC, EIEC, DAEC
- E. coli- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control
- E. coli- Pathogenicity and Clinical Manifestations
- Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
- Enterobacteriaceae Cultural Characteristics
- Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
- Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)
- Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
- Epsilometer test (E test)
- Escherichia coli (E. coli)- An Overview
- Factors affecting bacterial pathogenicity
- Flagella and Pili (Fimbriae)
- Gram-negative bacteria- cell wall, examples, diseases, antibiotics
- Gram-positive bacteria- cell wall, examples, diseases, antibiotics
- Gram-positive cell wall
- Habitat and Morphology of Acinetobacter baumannii
- Habitat and Morphology of Chlamydia trachomatis
- Habitat and Morphology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Habitat and Morphology of Gardnerella vaginalis
- Habitat and Morphology of Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Habitat and Morphology of Listeria monocytogenes
- Habitat and Morphology of Mycobacterium leprae
- Habitat and Morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Habitat and Morphology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Habitat and Morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Habitat and Morphology of Shigella dysenteriae
- Habitat and Morphology of Staphylococcus aureus
- Habitat and Morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Habitat and Morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes
- Habitat of Bacillus cereus
- Habitat of Clostridium perfringens
- Habitat of E. coli
- Hemolysis of Streptococci- Types and Examples with Images
- Klebsiella pneumoniae- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Klebsiella pneumoniae- Pathogenicity and Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory diagnosis of Bacterial vaginosis caused by Gardnerella vaginalis
- Laboratory diagnosis of Legionella pneumophila
- Laboratory diagnosis of Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae
- Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes
- Laboratory diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes
- Laboratory diagnosis of Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Bacillus cereus
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Coxiella burnetii
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Francisella tularensis
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Leptospira interrogans
- Laboratory diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Rickettsia rickettsii
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Shigella dysenteriae
- Laboratory diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Tuberculosis
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control of Chlamydia trachomatis
- Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Morphology of Bacillus cereus
- Morphology of Bacteria
- Morphology of Clostridium perfringens
- Morphology of E. coli
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis- An Overview
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Normal Human Microbiota
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestation of Gardenerella vaginalis
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferi
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Chlamydia trachomatis
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Coxiella burnetii
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Francisella tularensis
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Leptospira interrogans
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Mycobacterium leprae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Rickettsia rickettsii
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Treponema pallidum
- Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)
- Shigella dysenteriae- Pathogenicity and Clinical Manifestation
- Staphylococcus aureus- An Overview
- Staphylococcus aureus- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Staphylococcus capitis- An Overview
- Staphylococcus epidermidis- An Overview
- Staphylococcus hominis- An Overview
- Staphylococcus lugdunensis- An Overview
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
- Streptococcus agalactiae- An Overview
- Streptococcus anginosus- An Overview
- Streptococcus bovis- An Overview
- Streptococcus mitis- An Overview
- Streptococcus mutans- An Overview
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
- Virulence factors and Clinical manifestation of Staphylococcus aureus
- Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Legionella pneumophila
- Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes
- Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Water Quality Analysis by Most Probable Number (MPN)
- Why MHA is used for antibiotic susceptibility testing?
- Why TCBS agar is not autoclaved?
Basic Microbiology Notes
- 17 Differences between Meningitis and Encephalitis
- 19 Differences between cilia and flagella (cilia vs flagella)
- 21 Difference between diarrhea and dysentery (diarrhea vs dysentery)
- 21 Difference between O antigen and H antigen (O vs H antigen)
- 28 Differences Between Bacteria and Virus (Bacteria vs Virus)
- 30 Differences between DNA and RNA (DNA vs RNA)
- 31 Differences Between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
- 47 Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Archaea vs Bacteria- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Autoclave- definition, parts, principle, procedure, types, uses
- Bacteria vs Fungi- Definition, 21 Major Differences, Examples
- Bacterial and Fungal Preservation Methods
- Bacterial Growth and Factors Affecting Growth of Bacteria
- Bacterial growth curve and its significance
- Bacterial Growth Curve Protocol
- Bacterial Sizes, Shapes and Arrangement with Examples
- Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and Determinative Bacteriology
- Beta-Lactamase and Ambler classification
- Biochemical Test of Bacteria
- Biosafety Cabinets- Definition, Classes (I, II, III) and Types
- Biosafety Levels (BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3 and BSL-4)
- Chemical methods of sterilization- Gaseous and Liquid
- Cilia and Flagella- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Cilia- Definition, Structure, Formation, Types, Functions, Examples
- Classification of Bacteria
- Classification of Bacteria on the basis of Nutrition
- Classification of Fungi
- Classification of Protozoa
- Degradation and Deterioration
- Direct Microscopic Counts
- Experiments in support and against Spontaneous Generation
- Fields of Microbiology
- Five Kingdom System of Classification- Features and Limitations
- Flagella- Definition, Structure, Types, Arrangement, Functions, Examples
- General Aseptic Techniques in Microbiology Laboratory
- Haeckel’s Three kingdom System of Classification
- History of Microbiology
- Incubator- Definition, Parts, Working, Types, Uses, Precautions
- Instruments used in Microbiology Lab with Principle and Uses
- Isolation of Actinomycetes from Soil sample
- Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) from Soil sample
- Koch’s postulates and its limitations
- Laminar flow hood/cabinet- definition, parts, principle, types, uses
- Louis Pasteur and his contributions
- McFarland Standards- Principle, Preparation, Uses, Limitations
- Microbiology History
- Parts of a microscope with functions and labeled diagram
- Peptone Water
- Physical methods of sterilization- Heat, Filtration, Radiation
- Pour Plate Technique- Procedure, Advantages, Limitations
- Principles of Diagnosis with Medical Microbiology
- Prokaryotic cells- characteristics, structure, division, examples
- Robert Koch and Koch’s Postulates
- Scope and Applications of Microbiology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Serial dilution- definition, formula, calculator, procedure, uses
- Spread Plate Technique- Principle, Procedure, Advantages
- Streak Plate Method- Principle, Methods, Significance, Limitations
- The Germ Theory of Disease
- Top 10 Microbiology Journals with Impact Factor (updated 2019)
- Types of Centrifuge & Centrifugation (definition, principle, uses)
- Types of PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) – definition and uses
- Water Quality Analysis by Membrane Filter (MF) Technique
- Water Quality Analysis by Most Probable Number (MPN)
- What is Sensitivity, Specificity, False positive, False negative?
Biochemical Test Notes
- 4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-Glucuronide (MUG) Test
- Acetamide Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Acetate Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Bacitracin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Beta (β)-Lactamase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Bile Esculin Test- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Bile Esculin Test- Principle, procedure, results, uses, limitations
- Bile Solubility Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Biuret Test for Protein
- Butyrate Disk Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses, Limitations
- CAMP Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses, Limitations
- Carbohydrate Fermentation Test | Sugar Fermentation Test
- Casein Hydrolysis Test
- Catalase Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Cetrimide Agar Test- Principle, Procedures, Results, Uses
- Citrate Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Coagulase Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Result, Uses
- Decarboxylase Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Esculin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Gelatin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Result, Uses
- Growth at 42°C Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Hippurate Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Production Test
- Indole Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Kligler Iron Agar Test
- L-Pyrrolidonyl Arylamidase (PYR) Test
- Lecithinase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Leucine Amino Peptidase (LAP) Test
- Lipase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedures, Results, Uses
- Lipid Hydrolysis Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Litmus Milk Medium Test
- Lysine Iron Agar Test
- Malonate Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Methyl Red (MR) Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- Motility Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- MRS Broth Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- Nitrate Reduction Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Nitrite Reduction Test
- Novobiocin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- O-Nitrophenyl-β-D-Galactopyranoside (ONPG) Test
- Optochin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- Oxidase Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- Oxidation-Fermentation (OF) Test
- Phenylalanine Deaminase Test
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH) test
- Pyruvate Broth Test
- Salt Tolerance Test
- Spot Indole Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Results and Limitations
- Starch Hydrolysis Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Sulfur Reduction Test
- Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) Test
- Urease Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Voges Proskauer (VP) Test
- X and V Factor Test for Haemophilus
Biochemical Test of Bacteria Notes
Biochemistry Notes
- 29 Difference between exotoxins and endotoxins
- Acree-Rosenheim Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Active Transport- Types and Significance
- Alpha Oxidation
- Amino Acids- Properties, Structure, Classification and Functions
- Anthrone Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Barfoed’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Benedict’s Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results
- Beta-oxidation of Fatty Acid
- Bial’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Biuret Test for Protein
- Brain Lipid Extraction Protocol
- Buffer and Extraction Buffer
- Carbohydrate Fermentation Test | Sugar Fermentation Test
- Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
- Carbohydrates- definition, structure, types, examples, functions
- Cellular Respiration- Definition, Equations, Types, Steps, Products
- Cholesterol structure and synthesis
- De novo pyrimidine synthesis
- Degradation and Deterioration
- Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats
- Ehrlich Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC)- Components and Steps
- Electron transport chain- definition, components, steps & FAQs
- Enzyme Inhibition
- Enzymes- Properties, Classification and Significance
- Esbach Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Ethanol Metabolism
- Fat soluble vitamins- Vitamin A, D, E and K
- Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Fehling’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Fructose Metabolism
- Galactose Metabolism
- Gluconeogenesis- Steps, Reactions and Significance
- Glycogenesis
- Glycogenolysis
- Glycolysis- definition, equation, enzymes, 10 Steps with diagram
- Glycolysis- Steps, ATP generation and Significance
- Heat coagulation test of proteins
- Heller’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Heme Degradation
- Heme Synthesis
- Henderson Hasselbalch Equation
- Hopkin’s Cole Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Iodine Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Isatin Test- Definition, Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Ketones in urine (ketonuria) and Ketones in urine test
- Krebs cycle / Citric acid cycle / TCA Cycle with steps and diagram
- Lead Sulfide Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Lineweaver–Burk Plot
- Lipids- definition, properties, structure, types, examples, functions
- Membrane Carbohydrate
- Membrane Lipids
- Membrane Proteins
- Microbial degradation of cellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of chitin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of hemicellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of lignin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of pectin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Millon’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Molisch Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Mucic Acid Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Ninhydrin Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Nitrogen Cycle- Steps and Significance
- Nitroprusside Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Nucleic Acids- Nucleosides and Nucleotides
- Omega oxidation (ω-oxidation) of fatty acid
- Osazone Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Passive Transport
- Pauly’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Peptide bond- definition, formation, degradation, examples
- Phosphoketolase (Heterolactic) Pathway
- Primary vs Secondary Metabolites- Definition, 12 Differences, Examples
- Protein Databases- Types and Importance
- Protein Structure- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary
- Proteins- Properties, Structure, Classification and Functions
- Purine Synthesis
- Sakaguchi Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Salt Saturation Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids- Definition, 20 Differences, Examples
- Seliwanoff’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Solubility Tests of Proteins- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Sullivan and McCarthy’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- TCA Cycle (Citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle)
- The Michaelis–Menten model
- The Wobble Hypothesis
- Tollens’ Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Urea Cycle- Enzymes and Steps
- Uronic Acid Pathway
- Water Soluble Vitamins- B-Complex and C
- Xanthoproteic Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
Bioinformatics Notes
Biology Notes
- 21 Difference between diarrhea and dysentery (diarrhea vs dysentery)
- 24 Differences between Invertebrates and Vertebrates
- 27 Differences between Arteries and Veins (Arteries vs Veins)
- 29 Difference between exotoxins and endotoxins
- 32 Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis (Mitosis vs Meiosis)
- 33 Difference between enzymes and hormones (enzymes vs hormones)
- 3D Bioprinting- Definition, Principle, Process, Types, Applications
- 47 Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Absorption vs Adsorption- Definition, 10 Major Differences, Examples
- Actin vs Myosin- Definition, 14 Major Differences, Examples
- Active Transport- Types and Significance
- Active vs passive transport- Definition, 18 Major Differences, Examples
- Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration- Definition, 11 Differences, Examples
- Amphibians vs Reptiles- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Angiosperm vs Gymnosperm- Definition, 27 Major Differences, Examples
- Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction- Definition, 16 Differences, Examples
- Autotroph vs Heterotroph- Definition, 14 Major Differences, Examples
- Bacterial Transduction- Definition, Principle, Steps, Examples
- Binary Fission- definition, steps, types, examples (vs mitosis)
- Biotic vs Abiotic Factors- Definition, 10 Major Differences, Examples
- Buffy Coat- Definition, Preparation, Uses
- Carbon Cycle- Definition, Steps, Examples, Significance, Human Impacts
- Characteristics of Invertebrates with examples
- Chlorophyll- Definition, Structure, Types, Biosynthesis, Uses
- Chromosome vs Chromatid- Definition, 11 Major Differences, Examples
- Chromosome- Structure, Types and Functions
- Chromosomes- Abnormalities and Disorders
- Cladogram- definition, features, parts, examples (vs Phylogram)
- Classification of Phylum Protozoa
- Cold-blooded vs Warm-blooded animals- Definition, 16 Differences, Examples
- Connective Tissue- definition, structure, cells, types, functions, diseases
- Developmental Biology
- Diploid vs Haploid- Definition, 12 Major Differences, Examples
- Epithelial Tissue – Definition, types, functions, examples
- Epithelial tissue vs Connective tissue- Definition, 15 Differences, Examples
- Facilitated Diffusion- definition, principle, factors, examples
- Feedback Mechanism- Definition, Types, Process, Examples, Applications
- Five Kingdom System of Classification- Features and Limitations
- Flora vs Fauna- Definition, 12 Major Differences, Examples
- Flow Cytometry-Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Types, Uses
- Genus Spirogyra – An Overview
- Glandular epithelium- definition, structure, functions, examples
- Habitat vs Niche- Definition, 14 Major Differences, Examples
- Haeckel’s Three kingdom System of Classification
- Homeostasis- Definition, Types, Examples, Applications
- How these 26 things look like under the microscope (with diagrams)
- Isolation of Mitochondria from Plants, Yeast Cells, Mice, Cell Culture
- Lower and Higher Invertebrates with their differences
- Meiosis- definition, purpose, stages, applications with diagram
- Mendel’s Experiment and Laws
- Mitosis- definition, purpose, stages, applications with diagram
- Monocotyledons vs Dicotyledons- Definition, 26 Differences, Examples
- Nitrification vs Denitrification- Definition, 15 Differences, Examples
- Nitrogen Cycle- Steps and Significance
- Osmosis- definition, types, examples, (Osmosis vs Diffusion)
- Oviparous vs Viviparous- Definition, 11 Major Differences, Examples
- Oxygen Release in Photosynthesis Protocol
- Phosphorus Cycle- Definition, Steps, Examples, Significance, Human Impacts
- Photosynthesis- definition, equation, steps, process, diagram
- Phylum Annelida- characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Arthropoda- Characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Aschelminthes- characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)- Characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Ctenophora- characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Echinodermata- Characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Hemichordata- Characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Mollusca- characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Nematoda- characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Platyhelminthes- characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Porifera- Characteristics, classification, examples
- Phytoplankton vs Zooplankton- Definition, 16 Differences, Examples
- Pinocytosis- definition, steps, types, examples, (vs phagocytosis)
- Pollination vs Fertilization- Definition, 12 Major Differences, Examples
- Primary vs Secondary Succession- Definition, 12 Differences, Examples
- Protozoa- Definition, characteristics, classification, examples
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Simple columnar epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Simple cuboidal epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Simple Diffusion vs Facilitated Diffusion (11 Differences)
- Simple diffusion- definition, principle, examples, applications
- Simple squamous epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Speciation- definition, causes, process, types, examples
- Stratified columnar epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Stratified cuboidal epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Stratified squamous epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Sulfur Cycle- Definition, Steps, Examples, Significance, Human Impacts
- Taproot vs Fibrous root- Definition, 17 Major Differences, Examples
- Tardigrade- Definition, Habitat, Morphology, Physiology, Interesting facts
- Top and Best Biology Websites or Blogs according to Alexa Rank
- Transitional epithelium- definition, structure, functions, examples
- Types of Plant Cell – Definition, Structure, Functions, Diagrams
- Vascular vs Non-vascular plants- Definition, 17 Differences, Examples
- Xylem vs Phloem- Definition, 18 Major Differences, Examples
Biotechnology Notes
- 14 Types of Chromatography (Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses)
- 3D Bioprinting- Definition, Principle, Process, Types, Applications
- Bacteriophage- Definition, Structure, Life Cycles, Applications, Phage Therapy
- Bioremediation
- Cell Fusion- Types and Significance
- Centrifugal force- definition, formula, Principle, Examples (vs Centripetal force)
- Embryo Transfer
- Enzyme Technology
- Micropropagation- Stages, Types, Applications, Advantages, Limitations
- Plant Tissue Culture
- Solid State Fermentation (SSF)
- Submerged Fermentation
- Ultracentrifuge- Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, Procedure, Uses
Cancer Biology Notes
Cell Biology Notes
- 25 differences between plant cell and animal cell (plant cell vs animal cell)
- Anaphase in Mitosis and Meiosis (Anaphase I, II)
- Animal Cell- Definition, Structure, Parts, Functions and Diagram
- Apoptosis- definition, pathways, assay, examples (vs Necrosis)
- Blood Cells- Definition and Types with Structure and Functions
- Buffy Coat- Definition, Preparation, Uses
- Cell (Plasma) Membrane- Structure, Composition, Functions
- Cell Cycle- Definition, Phases, Regulation and Checkpoints
- Cell Fusion- Types and Significance
- Cell Organelles- Structure and Functions with labeled diagram
- Cell proliferation- Definition, assay, differentiation, diseases
- Cell Wall (Plant, Fungal, Bacterial)- Structure and Functions
- Centrioles- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Chloroplasts- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Cilia and Flagella- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Cilia- Definition, Structure, Formation, Types, Functions, Examples
- Connective Tissue- definition, structure, cells, types, functions, diseases
- Cytokinesis- Definition and Process (in animal and plant cells)
- Cytoplasm- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Cytoskeleton- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Embryo Transfer
- Endocytosis and Exocytosis (Endocytosis vs Exocytosis)
- Endocytosis- Definition, Process and Types with Examples
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Epithelial Tissue – Definition, types, functions, examples
- Epithelial tissue vs Connective tissue- Definition, 15 Differences, Examples
- Eukaryotic Cells- Definition, Characteristics, Structure, Examples
- Exocytosis- Definition, Process and Types with Examples
- Facilitated Diffusion- definition, principle, factors, examples
- Flagella- Definition, Structure, Types, Arrangement, Functions, Examples
- Fluid Mosaic Model
- Golgi Apparatus- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Interphase- definition, stages, cell cycle with diagram & video
- Lysosomes- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Meiosis- definition, purpose, stages, applications with diagram
- Membrane Carbohydrate
- Membrane Lipids
- Membrane Proteins
- Metaphase in Mitosis and Meiosis (Metaphase 1 and 2)
- Microfilaments- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Microtubules- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Microvilli- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Mitochondria- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Mitosis- definition, purpose, stages, applications with diagram
- Neutrophils – Definition, structure, count, range, functions
- Nucleosome Model of Chromosome
- Nucleus- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Osmosis- definition, types, examples, (Osmosis vs Diffusion)
- Passive Transport
- Peroxisomes- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Pinocytosis- definition, steps, types, examples, (vs phagocytosis)
- Plant cell- definition, labeled diagram, structure, parts, organelles
- Plasmodesmata- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Plastids- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions and Diagram
- Prophase in mitosis and meiosis (Prophase 1 and 2)
- Ribosomes- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Rough vs Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- Definition, 13 Differences, Examples
- Sandwich (Davson–Danielli) model of cell membrane
- Secretory Vesicles- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Simple diffusion- definition, principle, examples, applications
- Storage Granules- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Telophase in Mitosis and Meiosis (Telophase I, II)
- Types of Plant Cell – Definition, Structure, Functions, Diagrams
- Vacuoles- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions and Diagram
- Vesicles- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
Developmental Biology Notes
- Blastocyst- Stages, Significance
- Cell Cycle- Definition, Phases, Regulation and Checkpoints
- Comparative Embryology- Principle, Significance
- Development of Caenorhabditis elegans
- Developmental Biology
- DNA Methylation
- Drosophila Development- Stages, Significance
- Epiblast- Development and Significance
- Evolutionary Embryology
- Gastrulation- Process, Consequences
- Heart Embryology- Development of the Heart
- Human Embryo Transfer
- Human Embryogenesis
- Implantation- Process, Events, Significance
- Introduction to Embryology
- Morula- Stage, Development, Significance
- Oogenesis / Ovulation / Ovarian cycle- Definition, Phages, Process
- Spermatogenesis- Definition, Stages and Process with figure
- Stages of Childbirth
- The Prenatal Developmental Period
- Week by week pregnancy (Baby & body development with tips)
- Zebrafish Development
Difference Between Notes
- 10 differences between genomics and proteomics
- 12 Differences between antigen and antibody (Antigen vs Antibody)
- 12 Differences between Pneumococcus and Viridans streptococci
- 12 Differences between Primary and Secondary Immune Response
- 16 Differences Between Antigenic Shift and Antigenic Drift
- 17 Differences between B Cells and T Cells (B Cells vs T Cells)
- 17 Differences between Meningitis and Encephalitis
- 17 Differences between Serum and Plasma (Serum vs Plasma)
- 19 Differences between Active Immunity and Passive Immunity
- 19 Differences between cilia and flagella (cilia vs flagella)
- 19 Differences between RBC and WBC (RBC vs WBC)
- 20 Differences between Humoral Immunity and Cell mediated Immunity
- 20 Differences between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
- 21 Difference between diarrhea and dysentery (diarrhea vs dysentery)
- 21 Difference between O antigen and H antigen (O vs H antigen)
- 23 Differences between DNA Replication and Transcription
- 23 Differences between Yeasts and Molds (Yeasts vs Molds)
- 25 Differences between Anthrax bacilli and Anthracoid bacilli
- 25 differences between plant cell and animal cell (plant cell vs animal cell)
- 27 Differences between Arteries and Veins (Arteries vs Veins)
- 28 Differences Between Bacteria and Virus (Bacteria vs Virus)
- 29 Difference between exotoxins and endotoxins
- 29 Differences between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity
- 30 Differences between DNA and RNA (DNA vs RNA)
- 31 Differences Between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
- 32 Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis (Mitosis vs Meiosis)
- 32 Differences between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- 33 Difference between enzymes and hormones (enzymes vs hormones)
- 36 Differences between light and electron microscope
- 40 Differences between Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum
- 47 Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- 8 Differences between cytokines and chemokines
- 9 Differences between Solute and Solvent (Solute vs Solvent)
- Absorption vs Adsorption- Definition, 10 Major Differences, Examples
- Actin vs Myosin- Definition, 14 Major Differences, Examples
- Active vs passive transport- Definition, 18 Major Differences, Examples
- Acute disease vs Chronic disease- Definition, 13 Differences, Examples
- Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration- Definition, 11 Differences, Examples
- Agglutination vs Precipitation- Definition, 14 Major Differences, Examples
- Amphibians vs Reptiles- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Angiosperm vs Gymnosperm- Definition, 27 Major Differences, Examples
- Archaea vs Bacteria- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction- Definition, 16 Differences, Examples
- Autotroph vs Heterotroph- Definition, 14 Major Differences, Examples
- Bacteria vs Fungi- Definition, 21 Major Differences, Examples
- Biotic vs Abiotic Factors- Definition, 10 Major Differences, Examples
- Bone vs Cartilage- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Breathing vs Respiration- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Cation vs Anion- Definition, 10 Major Differences, Examples
- Celsius scale vs Fahrenheit scale- Definition, 10 Major Differences, Examples
- Chromosome vs Chromatid- Definition, 11 Major Differences, Examples
- Cold-blooded vs Warm-blooded animals- Definition, 16 Differences, Examples
- Communicable vs non-communicable diseases- Definition, 17 Differences, Examples
- Diploid vs Haploid- Definition, 12 Major Differences, Examples
- Endonuclease vs Exonuclease- Definition, 11 Major Differences, Examples
- Epithelial tissue vs Connective tissue- Definition, 15 Differences, Examples
- Flora vs Fauna- Definition, 12 Major Differences, Examples
- Habitat vs Niche- Definition, 14 Major Differences, Examples
- Heterochromatin vs Euchromatin- Definition, 16 Differences, Examples
- Homozygous vs Heterozygous- Definition, 10 Differences, Examples
- Hypersensitivity Type I, II, III and IV in one table
- Incomplete dominance vs Co-dominance- Definition, 10 Differences, Examples
- Independent vs Dependent variables- Definition, 10 Differences, Examples
- Inhalation vs Exhalation- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Introns vs Exons- Definition, 12 Major Differences, Examples
- Isolation vs Quarantine- Definition, 8 Differences, Examples
- MHC Class I vs MHC Class II- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Monocotyledons vs Dicotyledons- Definition, 26 Differences, Examples
- Natural vs Artificial Selection- Definition, 17 Major Differences, Examples
- Nitrification vs Denitrification- Definition, 15 Differences, Examples
- Oviparous vs Viviparous- Definition, 11 Major Differences, Examples
- Phenotype vs Genotype- Definition, 10 Major Differences, Examples
- Phytoplankton vs Zooplankton- Definition, 16 Differences, Examples
- Pollination vs Fertilization- Definition, 12 Major Differences, Examples
- Primary vs Secondary Metabolites- Definition, 12 Differences, Examples
- Primary vs Secondary Succession- Definition, 12 Differences, Examples
- Quantitative vs Qualitative Data- Definition, 13 Differences, Examples
- Rough vs Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- Definition, 13 Differences, Examples
- Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids- Definition, 20 Differences, Examples
- Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis- Definition, 18 Differences, Examples
- Taproot vs Fibrous root- Definition, 17 Major Differences, Examples
- Transcription vs Translation- Definition, 15 Differences, Examples
- Type I Error and Type II Error- Definition, 10 Differences, Examples
- Vascular vs Non-vascular plants- Definition, 17 Differences, Examples
- Voluntary vs Involuntary Muscles- Definition, 16 Differences, Examples
- Xylem vs Phloem- Definition, 18 Major Differences, Examples
Diseases Notes
Environmental Microbiology Notes
- Bioremediation
- Carbon Cycle- Definition, Steps, Examples, Significance, Human Impacts
- Microbial interaction and its types with examples
- Microbiology of extreme environments (Types and Examples)
- Phosphorus Cycle- Definition, Steps, Examples, Significance, Human Impacts
- Sulfur Cycle- Definition, Steps, Examples, Significance, Human Impacts
Epidemiology Notes
- Branches of Epidemiology
- Case-Control Study
- Cross-Sectional Study
- Descriptive Studies- Types, Applications, Advantages, Limitations
- Disease Control
- Disease Prevention
- Endemic Diseases
- Epidemic vs Pandemic with Definition and Examples
- Epidemic- Causes, Types, and Response
- Epidemiologic Triad- Agent, Host, Environment
- Epidemiological Markers
- Epidemiology- History, Objectives and Types
- Error- Types, Sources and Control
- Field Trials
- Isolation vs Quarantine- Definition, 8 Differences, Examples
- Mode of Transmission of Diseases
- Outbreak Investigations- Objectives, Steps, Difficulties
- Pandemic- definition, features, causes, effects, examples
- Phases of Clinical Trials for Drugs and Vaccine Development
- Predictive Value
- Randomized Controlled Trial (RCTs)
- Scope of Epidemiology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Source and Reservoir of Infection
- Theories of Disease
- Types of Bias in Epidemiology
Food Microbiology Notes
Human Anatomy Notes
- Bone vs Cartilage- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Breast- Definition, Structure, Functions and Breast Cancer
- Diseases and Disorders of the female reproductive system
- Diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system
- Disorders and Diseases of the Human Digestive System
- Human Female Reproductive System- Organs, Structure, Functions
- Human Male Reproductive System- Organs, Structure, Functions
- Integumentary System- definition, organs, functions, diseases
- The Human Digestive System- Organs, Functions and Diagram
- Voluntary vs Involuntary Muscles- Definition, 16 Differences, Examples
Human Physiology Notes
- Breathing vs Respiration- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats
- Functions of The Human Digestive System
- Implantation- Process, Events, Significance
- Inhalation vs Exhalation- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Integumentary System- definition, organs, functions, diseases
- Menstrual Cycle- definition, hormones, phases, diagram
- Oogenesis / Ovulation / Ovarian cycle- Definition, Phages, Process
- Physiology of Human Digestion
- Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis- Definition, 18 Differences, Examples
- Spermatogenesis- Definition, Stages and Process with figure
- Stages of Childbirth
- Week by week pregnancy (Baby & body development with tips)
Immunology Notes
- 12 Differences between antigen and antibody (Antigen vs Antibody)
- 12 Differences between Primary and Secondary Immune Response
- 16 Differences Between Antigenic Shift and Antigenic Drift
- 17 Differences between B Cells and T Cells (B Cells vs T Cells)
- 17 Differences between Serum and Plasma (Serum vs Plasma)
- 19 Differences between Active Immunity and Passive Immunity
- 19 Differences between RBC and WBC (RBC vs WBC)
- 20 Differences between Humoral Immunity and Cell mediated Immunity
- 29 Differences between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity
- 8 Differences between cytokines and chemokines
- Active Immunization- Advantages and Drawbacks
- Agglutination – definition, reactions and applications
- Agglutination vs Precipitation- Definition, 14 Major Differences, Examples
- Anatomical Barriers of Immune System- Skin and Mucus
- Antibody- Introduction, Structure and Classes
- Apoptosis- definition, pathways, assay, examples (vs Necrosis)
- Autoimmune Disease
- B Cells (B-Lymphocytes)
- Biology of the B Lymphocyte
- Blood Cells- Definition and Types with Structure and Functions
- Bone Marrow- Types, Structure and Functions
- Cells of the immune system
- Classical Pathway of Complement Activation
- Competitive ELISA Protocol and Animation
- Complement Activation- Classical, Alternative and Lectin Pathways
- Complement Components
- Complement Fixation Test- Steps, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Complement- Properties and Nomenclature
- Coomb’s Test- Direct and Indirect Coomb’s Test
- Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis
- Cytokines- Mechanism of action and Functions
- Endocytosis- Definition, Process and Types with Examples
- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
- Factors affecting Immunogenicity
- Hypersensitivity Type I, II, III and IV in one table
- Hypersensitivity- Introduction, Causes, Mechanism and Types
- Immune Booster Foods
- Immunoelectrophoresis- Principle, Procedure, Results and Applications, Advantages and Limitations
- Immunofluorescence
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA)- Structure, Subclasses and Functions
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD)- Structure and Functions
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE)- Structure and Functions
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG)- Structure, Subclasses and Functions
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM)- Structure and Functions
- Indirect ELISA- Introduction, Steps, Advantages and Protocol
- Inflammation
- Innate Immune System- An Introduction
- Introduction to Antigen
- Introduction to Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Latex Agglutination Test
- Lymph Nodes- Structure and Functions
- Lymphocytes- Types and Functions
- Macrophages- Introductions and Functions
- Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)- Types and Importance
- Major Histocompatibility Complex I- Structure, Mechanism and Functions
- Major Histocompatibility Complex II- Structure, Mechanism and Functions
- MHC Class I vs MHC Class II- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Monoclonal Antibodies- Types, Uses and Limitations
- Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)
- Neutralization Test- Introduction and Types
- Neutrophils – Definition, structure, count, range, functions
- Non-Specific Immune Response
- Opsonization- Definition, Mechanism, Opsonins, Examples
- Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion technique
- Passive immunization with advantages and drawbacks
- Phagocytosis- definition, mechanism, steps with example
- Physiological barriers of immune system
- Precipitation Reaction – definition and applications
- Properties and Function of different classes of Antibodies
- Radial Immunodiffusion- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results, Applications, Advantages and Limitations
- Radioimmunoassay- Principle, Uses and Limitations
- Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test
- Rh Blood Group System
- Ring Precipitation Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results and Examples
- Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results, Applications, Advantages and Limitations
- Sandwich ELISA- Steps and Advantages
- Southern Blot- Principle, Steps and Applications
- Spleen- Structure and Functions
- Stem Cells- Definition, Properties, Types, Uses, Challenges
- Structure of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
- Thymus- Structure and Functions
- Type 1 (Anaphylactic) Hypersensitivity Reaction
- Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity- Mechanism and Examples
- Type III (Immune Complex) Hypersensitivity- Mechanism and Examples
- Type IV (Cell Mediated) Hypersensitivity- Mechanism and Examples
- Types of Agglutination Reactions
- Types of antigen on the basis of source and immune response
- Types of Complement Fixation Test
- Types of Precipitation Reactions
- Vaccines- Introduction and Types with Examples
- Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test
- Western blotting- Introduction, Principle and Applications
- What is Immunology?
- Widal Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Advantages and Limitations
Infection Notes
Instrumentation Notes
- 14 Types of Chromatography (Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses)
- 22 Types of Spectroscopy with Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses
- Affinity Chromatography
- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
- Autoclave- definition, parts, principle, procedure, types, uses
- Beer-Lambert Law
- Cell Disruption Methods
- Centrifugation- Principle, Types and Applications
- Chromatography- definition, principle, types, applications
- Column Chromatography
- Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)- Principle, Instrumentation, Applications
- Flow Cytometry-Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Types, Uses
- Gamma-ray (γ-ray) Spectroscopy
- Gas chromatography- definition, principle, working, uses
- Gel Filtration Chromatography
- Gel Permeation Chromatography
- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
- Immunoelectrophoresis- Principle, Procedure, Results and Applications, Advantages and Limitations
- Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
- Instruments used in Microbiology Lab with Principle and Uses
- Ion Exchange Chromatography
- Laminar flow hood/cabinet- definition, parts, principle, types, uses
- Mass Spectrometry (MS)- Principle, Working, Instrumentation, Steps, Applications
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
- Paper Chromatography
- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)
- Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
- Solid State Fermentation (SSF)
- Spectrophotometer- Principle, Instrumentation, Applications
- Thin Layer Chromatography
- Types of Centrifuge & Centrifugation (definition, principle, uses)
- Ultracentrifuge- Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, Procedure, Uses
- UV Spectroscopy- Principle, Instrumentation, Applications
- X-Ray Spectroscopy- Principle, Instrumentation and Applications
Laboratory Tests Notes
Microbiology Pictures
Microscopy Notes
- 36 Differences between light and electron microscope
- Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
- Brightfield Microscope (Compound Light Microscope)
- Compound microscope- definition, labeled diagram, parts, uses
- Confocal Microscope
- Darkfield Microscope- Definition, Principle and Uses
- Digital Microscope
- Dissecting microscope (Stereo or stereoscopic microscope)
- Electron microscope- definition, principle, types, uses, images
- Fluorescence Microscope from LEAM Solution Inc
- Fluorescence Microscopy- definition, principle, parts, uses
- How these 26 things look like under the microscope (with diagrams)
- Inverted Microscope
- Light Microscope- definition, principle, types, parts, magnification
- Parts of a microscope with functions and labeled diagram
- Phase contrast Microscopy- definition, principle, parts, uses
- Pocket Microscope
- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
- Simple Microscope- Definition, Principle, Parts, Applications
- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
- Types of Microscopes
- USB Microscope- definition, principle, parts, examples, uses
Molecular Biology Notes
- 23 Differences between DNA Replication and Transcription
- 7 Types of RNA with Structure and Functions
- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
- Bacterial Conjugation- Definition, Principle, Process, Examples
- Bacterial Transduction- Definition, Principle, Steps, Examples
- Bacterial Transformation- definition, principle, steps, examples
- Central Dogma- Replication, Transcription, Translation
- Cloning Vectors
- Different forms of DNA- A form, B form, Z form
- DNA Fingerprinting- Principle, Methods, Applications
- DNA Ladders (1 kb, 1 kb plus, 100 bp, 100 bp plus) and Uses
- DNA Methylation
- DNA Microarray
- DNA Polymerase- definition, structure, types (vs RNA polymerase)
- DNA Replication- definition, enzymes, steps, mechanism, diagram
- DNA Sequencing- Maxam–Gilbert and Sanger Dideoxy Method
- DNA Transcription (RNA Synthesis)- Article, Diagrams and Video
- DNA- Structure, Properties, Types and Functions
- Endonuclease vs Exonuclease- Definition, 11 Major Differences, Examples
- Eukaryotic DNA Isolation Protocol
- Eukaryotic DNA Replication- Features, Enzymes, Process, Significance
- Eukaryotic Transcription
- Flow Cytometry-Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Types, Uses
- Gene Cloning- Requirements, Principle, Steps, Applications
- Gene Expression
- Gene Prediction- Importance and Methods
- Genomics
- Introns vs Exons- Definition, 12 Major Differences, Examples
- Lac operon- definition, structure, Inducers, diagram
- Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
- Nucleosome Model of Chromosome
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- Principle, Steps, Applications
- Post Translational Modification
- Prokaryotic DNA Replication- Enzymes, Steps and Significance
- Prokaryotic Transcription- Enzymes, Steps, Significance
- Prokaryotic Translation (Protein Synthesis)
- Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
- Real Time PCR- Principle, Process, Markers, Advantages, Uses
- Recombinant DNA Technology- Steps, Applications and Limitations
- Regulation of protein synthesis in Prokaryotes
- Regulation of Translation In Eukaryotes
- Restriction Enzyme (Restriction Endonuclease)
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
- RNA Isolation Protocol
- RNA polymerase- Definition, Types and Functions
- RNA Splicing- definition, process, mechanism, types, errors, uses
- RNA- Properties, Structure, Types and Functions
- The Earth BioGenome Project (EBP)
- The Human Genome Project
- The Wobble Hypothesis
- Transcription vs Translation- Definition, 15 Differences, Examples
- Translation (Protein Synthesis) in Eukaryotes
- Translation (Protein Synthesis)- Definition, Enzymes and Steps
- Transposable elements- definition, types, examples, applications
- Tryptophan (Trp) Operon
- Types of PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) – definition and uses
- Watson and Crick DNA Model
- What is Sensitivity, Specificity, False positive, False negative?
- Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)
Mycology Notes
News and Updates
Parasitology Notes
Pharmacology Notes
- Beta (β)-Lactamase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Beta-Lactamase and Ambler classification
- Chloroquine (Chloroquine Phosphate)
- Dexamethasone- Properties, uses, side effects & COVID-19
- Epsilometer test (E test)
- Favipiravir- properties, uses, mechanism, side effects, COVID-19
- Hydroxychloroquine- uses, side effects, interactions & COVID-19
- In Silico drug designing and role of bioinformatics
- Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Remdesivir- Mechanism of Action, Uses, Synthesis & COVID-19
Product Reviews
Protocols
Reports and Guidelines
Research Methodology Notes
- ANOVA- definition, one-way, two-way, table, examples, uses
- Chi-square test
- Common mistakes in Proposal writing
- Data and its types
- Descriptive Studies- Types, Applications, Advantages, Limitations
- Independent vs Dependent variables- Definition, 10 Differences, Examples
- Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio Data
- Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis with 9 differences
- P-value- definition, formula, table, finding p-value, significance
- Primary Data and Secondary Data
- Quantitative vs Qualitative Data- Definition, 13 Differences, Examples
- Questionnaire method of data collection
- Questionnaire- Types, Format, Questions
- Questionnaires and Schedules
- T-test- definition, formula, types, applications, example
- Type I Error and Type II Error- Definition, 10 Differences, Examples
- Types of Bias in Epidemiology
- Z-test- definition, formula, examples, uses, z-test vs t-test
Short Answer Questions
Staining Notes
- Acid Fast Stain (Kinyoun-Cold Method)- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Acid Fast Stain- Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Acridine Orange Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Albert Staining- Principle, Reagents, Procedure, Results, Interpretation
- Auramine- Rhodamine Staining
- Calcofluor White Staining
- Capsule Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Collagen Hybridizing Peptide Staining
- Endospore Staining- Types, principle, procedure and Interpretation
- Flagella Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Giemsa Stain- Principle, Procedure, Results, Interpretation
- Gram Stain- Principle, Reagents, Procedure, Steps, Results
- Grocott-Gomori’s Methenamine Silver Staining
- Hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E stain or HE stain)
- Iron-Hematoxylin Staining
- Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) Staining
- Masson’s Trichrome Staining
- Negative staining of Viruses
- Negative Staining- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Papanicolaou Staining (Pap stain) for Pap Smear / Pap Test
- Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Staining
- Positive staining of Viruses
- Romanowsky Stains- Principle, Types, Applications
- Silver Staining- Principle, Procedure, Applications
- Simple Staining- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Spore Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Sudan Black B Staining
- Wheatley Trichrome Staining
- Ziehl-Neelsen Staining- Principle and Procedure with Results
Syllabus
Top 10
Virology Notes
- Bacteriophage- Definition, Structure, Life Cycles, Applications, Phage Therapy
- Classification of virus
- Coltivirus- An Overview
- Coronavirus- An Overview
- COVID-19 related free online courses with certificate
- Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus- An Overview
- Different Types of COVID-19 Tests with Advantages & Limitations
- Ebola Virus- An Overview
- Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) images of SARS-CoV-2
- Hanta Virus- An Overview
- Hepatitis A Virus- An Overview
- Hepatitis C virus- An Overview
- Hepatitis E Virus- An Overview
- Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)- An Overview
- How viruses cause disease?
- Human Astrovirus- An Overview
- Human Cytomegalovirus- An Overview
- Influenza A Virus- An Overview
- Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus- An Overview
- Lassa Virus- An Overview
- Measles Virus- An Overview
- Measles Virus- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control
- Mumps Virus- An Overview
- Norwalk Virus (Norovirus)- An Overview
- Oncogenic Viruses- An Overview
- Polio Virus- An Overview
- Positive staining of Viruses
- Prevention and Control of COVID-19
- Rabies Virus- An Overview
- Rotavirus- An Overview
- Sample collection and Diagnosis of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
- Signs and Symptoms of COVID-19 with Risk factors
- Structure and Genome of Hepatitis E Virus
- Structure and Genome of Human Cytomegalo Virus
- Structure and Genome of Measles Virus
- Structure and Genome of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) with diagram
- Torovirus- An Overview
- Transmission, pathogenesis, replication of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
- Treatment options and Vaccines updates of COVID-19
- Varicella Zoster Virus- An Overview
- Viral Transport Media (VTM)- Principle, Preparation, Uses, Limitations
- Virus Cultivation- Purposes and Methods
- Viruses- Structure, Replication and Diagnosis
