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- 14 Types of Chromatography (Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses)
- 18 Instruments used in Microbiology Lab with Principle, Uses
- 22 Types of Spectroscopy with Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses
- 25 Major Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- 37 Types of PCR with Definition, Principle, and Uses
- 5 Types of Microscopes with Definitions, Principle, Uses, Labeled Diagrams
- 7 Types of RNA with Structure and Functions
- Acetamide Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Acetate Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Acid Fast Stain (Kinyoun-Cold Method)- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Acid Fast Stain- Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Acinetobacter baumannii- An Overview
- Acree-Rosenheim Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Acridine Orange Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Actinobacteria- An Overview
- Active Immunity vs Passive Immunity- 19 Key Differences
- Active Immunity- Definition, Characteristics, Types, Examples
- Active Immunization- Advantages and Drawbacks
- Acute disease vs Chronic disease- Definition, 13 Differences, Examples
- Aerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci
- Aerobic Respiration- Definition, Steps, ATP Yield, Diagram, Uses
- Affinity Chromatography- Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Uses
- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis- Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Applications
- Agglutination – Definition, Reactions and Applications
- Agglutination vs Precipitation- Definition, 14 Differences, Examples
- Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer (Transformation) in Plants
- Albert Staining- Principle, Reagents, Procedure, Results, Interpretation
- Alkaline Peptone Water- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Alpha Oxidation- Definition, Location, Pathway, Steps, Significance
- Alternaria alternata- An Overview
- Alternative pathway of the complement system
- Amazing 27 Things Under The Microscope With Diagrams
- Amies Transport Medium- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Amino Acids- Properties, Structure, Classification, Functions
- Anaerobic Blood Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Anaerobic Respiration- Definition, Types, Steps, Equation, Products, Uses
- Analytical Balance- Definition, Principle, Parts, Types, Examples
- Anatomical Barriers of Immune System- Skin and Mucus
- Ancylostoma duodenale- An Overview
- Animal Cell Culture- Definition, Types, Cell Lines, Procedure, Applications
- Animal Cell- Definition, Structure, Parts, Functions, Labeled Diagram
- Anthrax bacilli vs Anthracoid bacilli- 25 Differences
- Anthrone Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Antibody- Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Classes, Applications
- Antibody- Introduction, Structure and Classes
- Anticodon- Definition, Principle, Functions, Examples
- Antigen vs Antibody- Definition and 12 Major Differences
- Antigen- Definition, Properties, Structure, Types, Examples
- Antigen-Antibody Interaction- Definition, Stages, Types, Examples
- Antigenic Shift vs Antigenic Drift- Definition and 16 Differences
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and Antibacterial Resistance (ABR)
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST)- Types and Limitations
- Apoptosis- Definition, Pathways, Assay, Examples (vs Necrosis)
- Archaea vs Bacteria- Definition, 15 Major Differences, Examples
- Ascaris lumbricoides- Digestive, Respiration, Excretory, Nervous System
- Ascaris lumbricoides- Habitat and External Morphology
- Ascaris lumbricoides- Lab Diagnosis, Treatments, Prophylaxis
- Ascaris lumbricoides- Life cycle, Pathogenicity, Clinical Manifestation
- Ashdown’s Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Aspergillus clavatus- An Overview
- Aspergillus flavus- An Overview
- Aspergillus fumigatus- An Overview
- Aspergillus niger- An Overview
- Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)- Definition, Principle, Parts, Uses
- Auramine- Rhodamine Staining
- Autoclave- Definition, Parts, Principle, Procedure, Types, Uses
- Autoimmune Disease- Definition, Types, and Examples
- B cell (B lymphocyte)- Definition, Types, Development, Applications
- B Cells vs T Cells- Definition and 17 Key Differences
- Bacillus anthracis- An Overview
- Bacillus cereus food poisoning with foodborne toxins
- Bacillus cereus- An Overview
- Bacillus subtilis- An Overview and Applications
- Bacitracin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Bacteria vs Fungi- Definition, 21 Major Differences, Examples
- Bacteria vs Virus- 28 Major Differences with Examples
- Bacteria- Definition, Structure, Shapes, Sizes, Classification
- Bacterial and Fungal Preservation Methods
- Bacterial Conjugation- Definition, Principle, Process, Examples
- Bacterial Growth and Factors Affecting Growth of Bacteria
- Bacterial growth curve and its significance
- Bacterial Transduction- Definition, Principle, Steps, Examples
- Bacterial Transformation- definition, principle, steps, examples
- Bacteriophage- Definition, Structure, Life Cycles, Applications, Phage Therapy
- Baird Parker Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Barfoed’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Basophils- Definition, Structure, Immunity and Functions
- Batch Culture- Definition, Principle, Process, Applications, Limitations
- Batch vs Fed-Batch vs Continuous Culture- 20 Key Differences
- BCYE Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Beer-Lambert Law- Definition, Derivation, and Limitations
- Benedict’s Test- Principle, Procedure, Steps, Results, Uses
- Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and Determinative Bacteriology
- Beta (β) Lactamase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results
- Beta-Lactamase and Ambler classification
- Beta-oxidation of Fatty Acid
- Bial’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Bile Esculin Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Bile Esculin Test- Principle, procedure, results, uses, limitations
- Bile Solubility Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Biochemical Test and Identification of Bacteria
- Biochemical Test of Acinetobacter baumannii
- Biochemical Test of Actinomyces israelii
- Biochemical Test of Aeromonas caviae
- Biochemical Test of Aeromonas hydrophila
- Biochemical Test of Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalis
- Biochemical Test of Bacillus anthracis
- Biochemical Test of Bacillus cereus
- Biochemical Test of Bacillus subtilis
- Biochemical Test of Bacteroides fragilis
- Biochemical Test of Bifidobacterium bifidum
- Biochemical Test of Bordetella pertussis
- Biochemical Test of Brucella melitensis
- Biochemical Test of Burkholderia cepacia
- Biochemical Test of Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Biochemical Test of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus
- Biochemical Test of Campylobacter jejuni
- Biochemical Test of Chlamydia trachomatis
- Biochemical test of Citrobacter freundii
- Biochemical Test of Clostridium botulinum
- Biochemical Test of Clostridium difficile
- Biochemical Test of Clostridium perfringens
- Biochemical Test of Clostridium tetani
- Biochemical Test of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Biochemical Test of Edwardsiella tarda
- Biochemical Test of Enterobacter aerogenes
- Biochemical Test of Enterobacter cloacae
- Biochemical Test of Enterococcus faecalis
- Biochemical Test of Enterococcus faecium
- Biochemical Test of Escherichia coli (E. coli)
- Biochemical Test of Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis
- Biochemical Test of Fusobacterium necrophorum
- Biochemical Test of Gardnerella vaginalis
- Biochemical Test of Haemophilus aegyptius
- Biochemical Test of Haemophilus influenzae
- Biochemical Test of Haemophilus parainfluenzae
- Biochemical Test of Hafnia alvei
- Biochemical Test of Helicobacter pylori
- Biochemical Test of Kingella kingae
- Biochemical Test of Klebsiella granulomatis
- Biochemical Test of Klebsiella oxytoca
- Biochemical Test of Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Biochemical Test of Lactobacillus spp.
- Biochemical Test of Listeria monocytogenes
- Biochemical Test of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Biochemical Test of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Biochemical Test of Proteus mirabilis
- Biochemical Test of Providencia stuartii
- Biochemical Test of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Biochemical Test of Salmonella Typhi
- Biochemical Test of Serratia marcescens
- Biochemical Test of Shigella flexneri
- Biochemical Test of Staphylococcus aureus
- Biochemical Test of Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Biochemical Test of Streptococcus agalactiae
- Biochemical Test of Streptococcus canis
- Biochemical Test of Streptococcus mutans
- Biochemical Test of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Biochemical Test of Streptococcus pyogenes
- Biochemical Test of Vibrio cholerae
- Biochemical Test of Yersinia pestis
- Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs)- Classes with Examples
- Biology of the B Lymphocyte
- Bioreactor- Definition, Design, Principle, Parts, Types, Applications, Limitations
- Bioremediation- Objective, Principle, Categories, Types, Methods, Applications
- Biosafety Cabinets- Definition, Classes (I, II, III) and Types
- Biosafety Levels (BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3 and BSL-4)
- Bird Seed Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses, Limitations
- Bismuth Sulphite Agar (BSA)- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Biuret Test for Protein- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Blastomyces dermatitidis- An Overview
- Blood Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Uses and Hemolysis
- Blood Cells- Definition and Types with Structure and Functions
- Body Lines of Defense- Innate and Acquired Immunity
- Bone Marrow- Types, Structure and Functions
- Bordetella pertussis- An Overview
- Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)- An Overview
- Botulism Food Poisoning by Clostridium botulinum
- Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)- Mad Cow Disease
- Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Brightfield Microscope (Compound Light Microscope)- Definition, Principle, Parts
- Brilliant Green Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Brucella Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Buffer and Extraction Buffer- Definition, Components, Significance
- Bunsen Burner- Principle, Parts, Types, Procedure, Uses
- Butyrate Disk Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses, Limitations
- Calcofluor White Staining- Principle, Procedure, Results, Applications
- CAMP Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses, Limitations
- Campylobacter Blood Agar (CVA)- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Campylobacteriosis- Campylobacter Infection and Food Poisoning
- Candida albicans- An Overview
- Candida glabrata- An Overview
- Candida parapsilosis- An Overview
- Candida tropicalis- An Overview
- Candidiasis and types of Candidiasis
- Capsule Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB)
- Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA)
- Carbohydrate Fermentation Test (Sugar Fermentation Test)
- Carbohydrates- Definition, Structure, Types, Examples, Functions
- Carbohydrates- Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
- Cary Blair Transport Medium- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Casein Hydrolysis Test- Objectives, Principle, Media, Procedure, Results
- Catalase Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Cell (Plasma) Membrane- Structure, Composition, Functions
- Cell Disruption- Definition, Methods, Types, Significance
- Cell Fusion- Types and Significance
- Cell Organelles- Definition, Structure, Functions, Diagram
- Cell proliferation- Definition, assay, differentiation, diseases
- Cell Wall (Plant, Fungal, Bacterial)- Structure and Functions
- Cells of Immune System- Types and Examples
- Cellular Respiration- Definition, Equations, Types, Steps, Products
- Celsius vs Fahrenheit scale- Definition, 10 Differences, Examples
- Central Dogma- Replication, Transcription, Translation
- Centrifugal force- definition, formula, Principle, Examples (vs Centripetal force)
- Centrifugation- Principle, Types and Applications
- Centrifuge- Principle, Parts, Types, Uses, Examples
- Centrioles- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Centrosome- Definition, Structure, Functions, Diagram
- Cetrimide Agar Test- Principle, Procedures, Results, Uses
- Cetrimide Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Characteristics of Fungi
- Charcoal Selective Medium- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Chemical methods of sterilization- Gaseous and Liquid
- Chlamydia trachomatis- An Overview
- Chloroplasts- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Chocolate Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Cholesterol structure and synthesis
- CHROMagar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Chromatography- Definition, Principle, Types, Applications
- Chromoblastomycosis (Chromomycosis)- An Overview
- Cilia and Flagella- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Cilia vs Flagella- Definition and 19 Major Differences
- Cilia- Definition, Structure, Formation, Types, Functions, Examples
- Citrate Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Classical Pathway of Complement Activation
- Classical pathway of the complement system
- Classification of Bacteria
- Classification of Bacteria on the basis of Nutrition
- Classification of Fungi
- Classification of virus
- CLED Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Cloning Vectors- Definition, Characteristics, Types, Uses
- Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxins and Food poisoning
- Clostridium perfringens- An Overview
- Coagulase Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Result, Uses
- Coccidioidomycosis- An Overview
- Coliform Bacteria- Characteristics, Examples, Identification
- Collagen Hybridizing Peptide Staining
- Collection and transport of stool specimens
- Colony Counter- Types, Principle, Parts, Uses, Examples
- Colorimeter- Definition, Principle, Parts, Uses, Examples
- Coltivirus- An Overview
- Columbia Agar with 5% Sheep Blood- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Column Chromatography- Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Uses
- Common Bacteria Causing UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)
- Common Pathogenic Bacteria Found in Blood
- Common Pathogenic Bacteria Found in Sputum
- Common Pathogenic Bacteria Found in Stool
- Communicable vs Non-communicable Diseases- Definition, 17 Differences, Examples
- Competitive ELISA Protocol and Animation
- Complement Activation- Classical, Alternative and Lectin Pathways
- Complement Components and its 7 functional categories
- Complement Fixation Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Types
- Complement- Properties and Nomenclature
- Compound Microscope- Definition, Labeled Diagram, Principle, Parts, Uses
- Confocal Microscope- Definition, Principle, Parts, Types, Labeled Diagram, Applications
- Continuous Culture- Definition, Principle, Process, Types, Applications, Limitations
- Coomb’s Test- Direct and Indirect Coomb’s Test
- Coronavirus- An Overview
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Klebs-Löffler bacillus)- An Overview
- Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis
- COVID-19 related free online courses with certificate
- Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus- An Overview
- Cryptococcus neoformans- An Overview
- Cysticercosis- Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment
- Cystine Glucose Blood Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Cystine Tryptic Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Cytokines vs Chemokines- Definition and 8 Major Differences
- Cytokines- Mechanism of action and Functions
- Cytokinesis- Definition and Process (in animal and plant cells)
- Cytoplasm- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Cytoskeleton- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Czapek’s Agar (CZA)- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Darkfield Microscope- Definition, Principle, Uses, Diagram
- De novo pyrimidine synthesis
- Decarboxylase Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Degradation and Deterioration
- Dendritic Cells- Definition, Structure, Immunity, Types, Functions
- Dengue and Dengue Virus- An Overview
- Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA)- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Diarrhea vs Dysentery- Definition and 21 Major Differences
- Different forms of DNA- A form, B form, Z form
- Different Types of COVID-19 Tests with Advantages, Limitations
- Digital Microscope- Definition, Principle, Parts, Types, Examples, Uses
- Direct Microscopic Counts- Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Dissecting microscope (Stereo or stereoscopic microscope)- Definition, Principle, Parts
- DNA Fingerprinting- Principle, Methods, Applications
- DNA Ladders (1 kb, 1 kb plus, 100 bp, 100 bp plus) and Uses
- DNA Methylation- Definition, Principle, Significance, Control
- DNA Microarray
- DNA Polymerase- definition, structure, types (vs RNA polymerase)
- DNA Replication vs Transcription- Definition, 23 Differences
- DNA Replication- Definition, enzymes, steps, mechanism, diagram
- DNA Sequencing- Maxam–Gilbert and Sanger Dideoxy Method
- DNA Transcription (RNA Synthesis)- Article, Diagrams and Video
- DNA vs RNA- Definition and 30 Key Differences
- DNA- Structure, Properties, Types, Forms, Functions
- DNase Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Drying Method of Food Preservation with Types, Examples
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)- An Overview
- E. coli Pathotypes- ETEC, EPEC, EHEC, EAEC, EIEC, DAEC
- E. coli virotypes Food Poisoning, Infection and Illness
- Eastern Blot- Definition, Principle, Steps, Results, Applications
- Ebola Virus- An Overview
- Egg Yolk Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Ehrlich Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Electron Microscope- Definition, Principle, Types, Uses, Labeled Diagram
- Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) images of SARS-CoV-2
- Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)- Principle, Instrumentation, Applications
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC)- Components and Steps
- Electron transport chain- Definition, Components, Steps, FAQs
- ELISA Plate Reader (Microplate Reader or Assay Reader)
- ELISA- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Types, Steps, Uses
- EMB Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- End Products Of Glycolysis and Fate of Pyruvate
- Endo Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Endocytosis vs Exocytosis (Similarities and Differences)
- Endocytosis- Definition, Process and Types with Examples
- Endonuclease vs Exonuclease- Definition, 11 Differences, Examples
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Endospore Staining- Types, principle, procedure and Interpretation
- Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
- Enterobacteriaceae Cultural Characteristics
- Enterobacteriaceae- Definition, Characteristics, Identification
- Enterococcus faecalis- An Overview
- Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
- Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)
- Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
- Enzyme Inhibition
- Enzyme Technology
- Enzymes- Properties, Classification and Significance
- Eosinophils- Definition, Structure, Immunity and Functions
- Epidermophyton floccosum- An Overview
- Epsilometer test (E test)- Principle, Procedure, Results, Advantages
- Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) or Human Herpesvirus 4- An Overview
- Esbach Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Esculin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- ESKAPE Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance
- Ethanol Metabolism
- Etiology and Global burden of UTI- A Systematic Review
- Eukaryotic DNA Replication- Features, Enzymes, Process, Significance
- Eukaryotic Transcription
- Exocytosis- Definition, Process and Types with Examples
- Exon- Definition, Structure, Splicing, Process of Splicing
- Experiments in support and against Spontaneous Generation
- Eye and Ear Microbiota (Microbiome)- Normal Flora of Eye & Ear
- Factors affecting bacterial pathogenicity
- Factors affecting Immunogenicity
- Factors affecting the growth of microorganisms in food
- Fasciola hepatica- Common liver fluke or Sheep liver fluke
- Fat soluble vitamins- Vitamin A, D, E and K
- Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Fed-batch Culture- Definition, Principle, Process, Types, Applications, Limitations
- Fehling’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Fermentation- Principle, Types, Applications, Limitations
- Fields of Microbiology
- Flagella and Pili (Fimbriae)
- Flagella Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Flagella- Definition, Structure, Types, Arrangement, Functions, Examples
- Flow Cytometry-Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Types, Uses
- Fluid Mosaic Model
- Fluorescence Microscope from LEAM Solution Inc
- Fluorescence Microscopy- Definition, Principle, Parts, Uses
- Food poisoning by Listeria monocytogenes (Listeriosis)
- Food Preservation method by Low-Temperature Treatment
- Food Preservation- Chemical Preservatives with Types, Examples
- Foodborne Giardiasis- Food Poisoning by Giardia species
- Foodborne Infection by Shigella- Shigellosis Food Poisoning
- Foodborne Viruses- Food Poisoning by Viruses
- Fructose Metabolism
- Fusarium spp- An Overview
- Galactose Metabolism
- Gamma-ray Spectroscopy- Definition, Principle, Parts, Uses
- Gas Chromatography- Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Uses
- Gastrointestinal Amebiasis by Entamoeba histolytica
- Gel Electrophoresis System- Apparatus, Parts, Types, Examples
- Gel Filtration Chromatography- Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, Steps, Uses
- Gel Permeation Chromatography- Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Uses
- Gelatin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Result, Uses
- Gene Cloning- Requirements, Principle, Steps, Applications
- Gene Expression- Definition, Process, Regulation, Mechanism
- General Aseptic Techniques in Microbiology Laboratory
- Genus Spirogyra – An Overview
- Giardia duodenalis (Giardia lamblia or Giardia intestinalis)
- Giemsa Stain- Principle, Procedure, Results, Interpretation
- Gluconeogenesis- Steps, Reactions and Significance
- Glycogenesis- Definition, Location, Steps, Enzymes, Uses
- Glycogenolysis- Definition, Location, Steps, Enzymes, Uses
- Glycolysis- Definition, Equation, Enzymes, 10 Steps, Diagram
- Glycolysis- Steps, ATP generation and Significance
- Golgi Apparatus- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Gram Staining- Principle, Reagents, Procedure, Steps, Results
- Gram-negative bacteria- cell wall, examples, diseases, antibiotics
- Gram-positive bacteria- cell wall, examples, diseases, antibiotics
- Gram-positive cell wall
- Gram-Positive vs Gram-Negative Bacteria- 31 Differences with Examples
- Grocott-Gomori’s Methenamine Silver Staining
- Growth at 42°C Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- H2S Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitations
- Habitat and Morphology of Gardnerella vaginalis
- Habitat and Morphology of Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Habitat and Morphology of Listeria monocytogenes
- Habitat and Morphology of Mycobacterium leprae
- Habitat and Morphology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Habitat and Morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Habitat and Morphology of Shigella dysenteriae
- Habitat and Morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Hand washing steps and guidelines by WHO and CDC with video
- Hanta Virus- An Overview
- Heart Infusion Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Heat coagulation test of proteins
- Hektoen Enteric Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Heller’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Hemagglutination Assay- Principle, Types, Method, Uses
- Hematopoiesis- Definition, Cells, Growth Factors, Regulation
- Hematoxylin and eosin stain (H and E stain or HE stain)
- Heme Degradation
- Heme Synthesis
- Hemolysis of Streptococci- Types and Examples with Images
- Henderson Hasselbalch Equation
- Hepatitis A Virus- An Overview
- Hepatitis C virus- An Overview
- Hepatitis E Virus- An Overview
- Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)- An Overview
- Hippurate Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- History of Microbiology and Contributors in Microbiology
- Homogenizer- Principle, Procedure, Parts, Types, Uses, Examples
- Hopkin’s Cole Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Hot Air Oven- Principle, Parts, Types, Uses, Examples
- Hot Plate- Principle, Parts, Procedure, Types, Uses, Examples
- How viruses cause disease?
- HPLC- Definition, Principle, Parts, Types, Uses, Diagram
- Human Astrovirus- An Overview
- Human Cytomegalovirus- An Overview
- Human Microbiome and Normal Flora Of The Human Body
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV)- An Overview
- Humoral vs Cell mediated Immunity- Definition, 20 Differences
- Hypersensitivity- Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Types, Examples
- Ideonella sakaiensis (plastic-eating bacteria)- An Overview
- Immune Booster Foods
- Immune Response- Definition, Types, Factors, Examples
- Immunity- Mechanism, Components, and Immunization
- Immunoelectrophoresis- Principle, Procedure, Results and Uses
- Immunofluorescence- Definition, Principle, Types, Uses, Limitations
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA)- Structure, Subclasses and Functions
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD)- Structure and Functions
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE)- Definition, Structure and Functions
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG)- Structure, Subclasses and Functions
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM)- Structure and Functions
- Immunological Techniques- Types and Examples
- Important Microbiology Terms, Glossary, and Definitions
- IMViC Test- Principle, Result Chart, Examples, Uses
- Incinerator- Principle, Procedure, Parts, Types, Uses, Examples
- Incubator- Definition, Parts, Working, Types, Uses, Precautions
- Indirect ELISA- Introduction, Steps, Advantages and Protocol
- Indole Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Inflammation
- Influenza A Virus- An Overview
- Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy- Definition, Principle, Parts, Uses
- Innate Immune System- An Introduction
- Innate Immunity vs Adaptive Immunity- Definition and 29 Differences
- Innate vs. Acquired Immunity (Definition, Types, Examples)
- Inoculating Loops and Needles- Principle, Parts, Types, Uses
- Introduction to Antigen
- Introduction to B Cells also called B-Lymphocytes
- Introns vs Exons- Definition, 12 Major Differences, Examples
- Inverted Microscope- Definition, Principle, Parts, Labeled Diagram, Uses, Worksheet
- Iodine Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Ion Exchange Chromatography- Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Uses
- Iron-Hematoxylin Staining
- Isatin Test- Definition, Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Isolation of Actinomycetes from Soil sample
- Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) from Soil sample
- Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus- An Overview
- Ketones in urine (ketonuria) and Ketones in urine test
- Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion Method For Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
- Klebsiella pneumoniae- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Klebsiella pneumoniae- Pathogenicity and Clinical Manifestations
- Kligler Iron Agar Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Koch’s postulates and its limitations
- KOH Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses, Limitations
- Krebs cycle / Citric acid cycle / TCA Cycle with steps and diagram
- Laboratory diagnosis of Bacterial vaginosis caused by Gardnerella vaginalis
- Laboratory diagnosis of Legionella pneumophila
- Laboratory diagnosis of Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae
- Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes
- Laboratory diagnosis of Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Coxiella burnetii
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Francisella tularensis
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Leptospira interrogans
- Laboratory diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Rickettsia rickettsii
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Shigella dysenteriae
- Laboratory diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Laboratory Refrigerators and Freezers- Principle, Parts, Types, Examples
- Lac operon- Definition, structure, Inducers, diagram
- Lactobacilli MRS Broth- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Lactobacillus acidophilus- An Overview
- Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) Staining
- Laminar flow hood/cabinet- Definition, parts, principle, types, uses
- LAP Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Lassa Virus- An Overview
- Latex Agglutination Test
- Lead Sulfide Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Lecithinase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Lectin Pathway of the complement system
- Leishmania donovani- Habitat, Morphology and Life Cycle
- Levinthal’s Medium- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Light Microscope vs Electron Microscope- 36 Major Differences
- Light Microscope- Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, Labeled Diagram, Magnification
- Lineweaver–Burk Plot
- Lipase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedures, Results, Uses
- Lipid Hydrolysis Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results
- Lipids- Definition, Properties, Structure, Types, Examples, Functions
- Litmus Milk Medium Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results
- Loeffler Medium- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Louis Pasteur and his contributions
- Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) Media- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Lymph Nodes- Structure and Functions
- Lymphocytes- Types and Functions
- Lysine Iron Agar (LIA)- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Lysine Iron Agar Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Lysosomes- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- MacConkey Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Macrophages- Definition, Structure, Immunity, Types, Functions
- Macrophages- Introductions and Functions
- Magnetic Stirrer- Principle, Parts, Types, Uses, Examples
- Major Histocompatibility Complex I- Structure, Mechanism, Functions
- Major Histocompatibility Complex II- Structure, Mechanism and Functions
- Malonate Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Martin Lewis Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Mass Spectrometry (MS)- Principle, Working, Parts, Steps, Uses
- Masson’s Trichrome Staining
- Mast Cells- Definition, Structure, Immunity, Types, Functions
- McFarland Standards- Principle, Preparation, Uses, Limitations
- Measles Virus- An Overview
- Membrane Carbohydrate
- Membrane Lipids
- Membrane Proteins
- Meningitis vs Encephalitis- Definition and 17 Differences
- Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Methyl Red (MR) Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- MHC Class I vs Class II- Definition, 15 Differences, Examples
- MHC Class I, Class II, Antigen Processing, And Presentation
- MHC Molecule and Autoimmunity with Examples and Diagrams
- MHC Molecules- Definition, Properties, Class, Types, Pathways
- Microbial Culture Media- Definition, Types, Examples, Uses
- Microbial degradation of cellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of chitin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of hemicellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of lignin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial degradation of pectin (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms)
- Microbial Food Spoilage- Types of microorganisms with examples
- Microbial interaction and its types with examples
- Microbial spoilage and preservation of cereal and cereal products
- Microbial spoilage of Beverages and their preservation
- Microbial spoilage of canned foods and its preservation (Canning)
- Microbial spoilage of egg and egg products
- Microbial spoilage of fish and fish products and its preservation
- Microbial spoilage of meat and meat products
- Microbial Spoilage of Milk and Milk Products (Cream, Butter, Cheese, Yoghurt, Ice-cream)
- Microbiology of Extreme Environments (Types and Examples)
- Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test- Principle, Procedure, Results
- Microfilaments- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Microorganisms found in soil with effects and examples
- Micropropagation- Stages, Types, Applications, Advantages, Limitations
- Microsporum spp- An Overview
- Microtubules- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Microvilli- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Middlebrook Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Milk Pasteurization- Definition, Methods, Steps, Significance
- Millon’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Mitochondria- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Modified Hodge Test (MHT)- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Modified Thayer Martin Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Molisch Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Monoclonal Antibodies- Definition, Types, Production, Applications
- Monocytes- Definition, Structure, Immunity, Subsets, Functions
- Morphology of Bacteria- Sizes, Shapes, Arrangements, Examples
- Motility Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitation
- MRS Broth Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- Mucic Acid Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)
- Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA)- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- MUG Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Result, Limitations
- Mumps Virus- An Overview
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis- An Overview
- Natural Killer (NK) Cells- Definition, Structure, Immunity, Functions
- Negative staining of Viruses
- Negative Staining- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Neisseria meningitidis vs Neisseria gonorrhoeae- 32 Differences
- Neutralization Test- Definition, Principle, Types, Procedure, Results
- Neutrophils – Definition, structure, count, range, functions
- New York City Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
- Ninhydrin Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Nipah Virus (NiV)- An Overview
- Nitrate Reduction Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results
- Nitrite Reduction Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitations
- Nitroprusside Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- NMR Spectroscopy- Definition, Principle, Steps, Parts, Uses
- Non-Specific Immune Response
- Normal Flora (Microbiota) of Mouth and Gastrointestinal Tract
- Normal Flora of Skin, Hair, and Nail- Human Skin Microbiome
- Northern Blot- Definition, Principle, Steps, Results, Applications
- Norwalk Virus (Norovirus)- An Overview
- Nosocomial Infections (hospital-acquired infections)
- Novobiocin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Nucleic Acids- Nucleosides and Nucleotides
- Nucleoside- Definition, Types, Structure, Functions
- Nucleotide- Definition, Characteristics, Biosynthesis, Functions
- Nucleus- Definition, Structure, Parts, Functions, Diagram
- Nutrient Agar- Principle, Composition, Preparation, Results, Uses
- O antigen and H antigen- Definition and 21 Key Differences
- OF Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitations
- Omega oxidation (ω-oxidation) of fatty acid
- ONPG Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitations
- Opsonization- Definition, Mechanism, Opsonins, Examples
- Optochin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- Organic waste recycling (methods, steps, significance, barriers)
- Osazone Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion technique
- Oxidase Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Papanicolaou Staining (Pap stain) for Pap Smear / Pap Test
- Paper Chromatography- Definition, Types, Principle, Steps, Uses
- Parasitology VIVA Question and Answer
- Parts of a microscope with functions and labeled diagram
- Passive Immunity- Definition, Characteristics, Types, Examples
- Passive immunization with advantages and drawbacks
- Passive Transport
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestation of Gardenerella vaginalis
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Coxiella burnetii
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Francisella tularensis
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Leptospira interrogans
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Mycobacterium leprae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Rickettsia rickettsii
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Treponema pallidum
- Pauly’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- PCR Machine- Principle, Parts, Steps, Types, Uses, Examples
- PDA- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Penicillium chrysogenum- An Overview
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Peptide bond- Definition, Formation, Degradation, Examples
- Peptone Water- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Peptone Yeast Extract Glucose Broth
- Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Staining
- Peroxisomes- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- pH Meter- Principle, Parts, Procedure, Types, Uses, Examples
- Phagocytosis- definition, mechanism, steps with example
- Phase Contrast Microscopy- Definition, Principle, Parts, Uses
- Phenylalanine Deaminase Test- Principle, Procedure, Result
- Phosphoketolase (Heterolactic) Pathway
- Phospholipid Bilayer- Structure, Types, Properties, Functions
- Phyllosphere microorganisms- Examples, Factors, Effects
- Physical methods of sterilization- Heat, Filtration, Radiation
- Physiological barriers of immune system
- Pipette- Principle, Parts, Types, Procedure, Uses, Examples
- Plant Cell- Definition, Structure, Parts, Functions, Labeled Diagram
- Plant Tissue Culture
- Plasmids- Definition, Properties, Structure, Types, Functions, Examples
- Plasmodesmata- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Plasmodium vivax vs Plasmodium falciparum- 40 Differences
- Plasmodium vivax- Life Cycle in Man and in Mosquito
- Plastids- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions and Diagram
- Plate Count Agar (PCA)- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Platelets (Thrombocytes)- Definition, Structure, Immunity, Functions
- Pneumococcus vs Viridans streptococci- 12 Major Differences
- Pocket Microscope- Definition, Principle, Parts, Types, Uses
- Polio Virus- An Overview
- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- Principle, Steps, Applications
- Positive staining of Viruses
- Post Translational Modification- Definition, Processing
- Pour Plate Method- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Precipitation Reaction- Definition, Principle, Steps, Types, Uses
- Preservation of egg and egg products from microbial spoilage
- Preservation of meat and meat products from microbial spoilage
- Preservation of milk and milk products from microbial spoilage
- Prevention and Control of COVID-19
- Primary vs Secondary Immune Response- 12 Differences
- Primary vs Secondary Metabolites- Definition, 12 Differences, Examples
- Primer- Definition, Types, Primer Design Online Tools, Uses
- Principles of Diagnosis with Medical Microbiology
- Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes- Definition, 47 Differences, Structure, Examples
- Prokaryotic DNA Replication- Enzymes, Steps and Significance
- Prokaryotic Transcription- Enzymes, Steps, Significance
- Prokaryotic Translation (Protein Synthesis)
- Properties and Function of different classes of Antibodies
- Protein Structure- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary
- Protein Synthesis (Translation)- Definition, Enzymes, Steps, Inhibitors
- Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes- Definition, Enzymes and Process
- Proteins- Definition, Properties, Structure, Classification, Functions
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa- An Overview
- Pseudomonas putida- An Overview
- Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
- Purine Synthesis
- PYR Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Result, Limitations
- Pyruvate Broth Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Rabies Virus- An Overview
- Radial Immunodiffusion- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Radioimmunoassay (RIA)- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test
- RBC vs WBC- Definition and 19 Major Differences
- Real Time PCR- Principle, Process, Markers, Advantages, Uses
- Recombinant DNA Technology- Definition, Steps, Applications
- Reducing Sugars- Definition, Characteristics, Examples, Uses
- Regulation of protein synthesis in Prokaryotes
- Regulation of Translation In Eukaryotes
- Reproductive System of Ascaris lumbricoides
- Respiratory Microbiota- Normal Flora of Respiratory Tract
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)- An Overview
- Restriction Enzyme (Restriction Endonuclease)
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
- Rh Blood Group System
- Rhizopus spp- An Overview
- Rhizospheric microorganisms and effects, PGPR and Mycorrhiza
- Ribosomes- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Rickettsia Infection- Tick-Borne Rickettsioses And Spotted Fever
- Ring Precipitation Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Examples
- RNA polymerase- Definition, Types and Functions
- RNA Splicing- Definition, process, mechanism, types, errors, uses
- RNA- Properties, Structure, Types and Functions
- Robert Koch and Koch’s Postulates
- Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Romanowsky Stains- Principle, Types, Applications
- Rotavirus- An Overview
- Rough ER vs Smooth ER- Definition, 13 Differences, Examples
- RT-PCR: Definition, Principle, Enzymes, Types, Steps, Uses
- Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA)- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Sakaguchi Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Salmonella Shigella (SS) Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Salmonellosis- Food Infection and Food Poisoning by Salmonella
- Salt Saturation Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Salt Tolerance Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitations
- Sample collection and Diagnosis of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
- Sandwich (Davson–Danielli) model of cell membrane
- Sandwich ELISA- Steps and Advantages
- Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids- Definition, 20 Differences, Examples
- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)- Definition, Principle, Parts, Images
- Scope and Applications of Microbiology in 2022
- Seafood Toxins and Fish & Shellfish Poisoning
- Secretory Vesicles- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Selenite F Broth- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Seliwanoff’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Serial Dilution- Definition, Formula, Calculator, Procedure, Uses
- Serratia marcescens- An Overview
- Serum vs Plasma- Definition and 17 Major Differences
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
- Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)
- Shigella dysenteriae- Pathogenicity and Clinical Manifestation
- Signs and Symptoms of COVID-19 with Risk factors
- Silver Staining- Principle, Procedure, Applications
- Simmons Citrate Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Simple Microscope- Definition, Principle, Magnification, Parts, Applications
- Simple Staining- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Soil Formation (Pedogenesis)- Factors, Process/Steps, Examples
- Soil- Definition, Composition, Properties, Types and Uses
- Solid State Fermentation (SSF)
- Solubility Tests of Proteins- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Sorbitol MacConkey Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Southern Blot- Definition, Principle, Steps, Results, Applications
- Spectrophotometer- Principle, Instrumentation, Applications
- Spleen- Structure and Functions
- Spoilage of chocolate and confectionery and its preservation
- Spoilage of sugar and sugar products and their preservations
- Spore Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Sporothrix schenckii- An Overview
- Spot Indole Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitations
- Spread Plate Method- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP)- Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins
- Staphylococcus aureus- An Overview
- Staphylococcus capitis- An Overview
- Staphylococcus epidermidis- An Overview
- Staphylococcus hominis- An Overview
- Staphylococcus lugdunensis- An Overview
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview
- Staphylococcus vs Streptococcus- 20 Major Differences
- Starch Casein Agar (SCA)- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results
- Starch Hydrolysis Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results
- Stem Cells- Definition, Properties, Types, Uses, Challenges
- Storage Granules- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Streak Plate Method- Principle, Types, Methods, Uses
- Streptococcus agalactiae- An Overview
- Streptococcus anginosus- An Overview
- Streptococcus bovis- An Overview
- Streptococcus mitis- An Overview
- Streptococcus mutans- An Overview
- Streptococcus pyogenes- Group A Streptococcus (GAS)- An Overview
- Streptococcus Selective Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Strongyloides stercoralis (Parasitic Roundworm)- A Threadworm
- Structure and Genome of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) with diagram
- Submerged Fermentation
- Sudan Black B Staining
- Sulfur Reduction Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Sullivan and McCarthy’s Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- T Cell (T Lymphocyte)- Definition, Types, Development, Applications
- Taenia solium- Classification, Habitat, Structure, Body wall
- Taenia solium- Life history, development and adaptations
- Taenia solium- Nutrition, respiration, excretory, nervous, reproductive system
- TCA Cycle (Citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle)
- TCBS Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- The Germ Theory of Disease
- The Michaelis–Menten model
- The Wobble Hypothesis
- Thick Blood Smear and Thin Blood Smear
- Thin Layer Chromatography- Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Uses
- Thioglycollate Broth- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Thymus- Structure and Functions
- Tollens’ Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Topoisomerase- Definition, Types, Structure, Functions, Mechanism
- Torovirus- An Overview
- Toxigenic Algae And Algal Food Poisoning- An Overview
- Toxigenic Fungi And Fungal Mycotoxins In Food- An Overview
- Transcription vs Translation- Definition, 15 Differences, Examples
- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)- Definition, Principle, Images
- Transmission, pathogenesis, replication of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
- Transposable elements- definition, types, examples, applications
- Treatment options and Vaccines updates of COVID-19
- Trichophyton spp- An Overview
- Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Tryptic Soy Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Tryptophan (Trp) Operon
- TSIA Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Results, Uses, Limitations
- Type 1 (Anaphylactic) Hypersensitivity Reaction
- Type 1 Diabetes vs Type 2 Diabetes (14 major differences)
- Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity- Mechanism and Examples
- Type III (Immune Complex) Hypersensitivity- Mechanism, Examples
- Type IV (Cell Mediated) Hypersensitivity- Mechanism and Examples
- Types of Agglutination Reactions
- Types of antigen on the basis of source and immune response
- Types of Centrifuge and Centrifugation (definition, principle, uses)
- Types of Crystals in Urine
- Ultracentrifuge- Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, Procedure, Uses
- Urea Cycle- Enzymes and Steps
- Urease Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)- An Overview
- Urogenital Microbiota- Normal Flora of Urinary and Vaginal Tract
- Uronic Acid Pathway
- USB Microscope- Definition, Principle, Parts, Examples, Uses
- UV Spectroscopy- Definition, Principle, Steps, Parts, Uses
- Vaccines- Definition, Principle, Types, Examples, Side Effects
- Vacuoles- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions and Diagram
- Varicella Zoster Virus- An Overview
- Vector- Definition, Features, Types, Examples, Applications, Limitations
- Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test
- Vesicles- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Vibrio cholerae Food Poisoning- Cholera toxin (CT)
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus Food Poisoning- Gastroenteritis
- Viral Transport Media (VTM)- Principle, Preparation, Uses, Limitations
- Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Legionella pneumophila
- Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes
- Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Virus Cultivation- Purposes and Methods
- Viruses- Structure, Replication and Diagnosis
- Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar)- Causes, Lab diagnosis, Treatments
- Voges Proskauer (VP) Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Vortex Mixer- Definition, Principle, Parts, Types, Examples, Uses
- VRBA- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Water Bath- Definition, Principle, Parts, Types, Procedure, Uses
- Water Distiller- Principle, Parts, Types, Uses, Examples
- Water Quality Analysis by Membrane Filter (MF) Technique
- Water Quality Analysis by Most Probable Number (MPN)
- Water Soluble Vitamins- B-Complex and C
- Watson and Crick DNA Model
- West Nile Virus (WNV)- An Overview
- Western Blot- Definition, Principle, Steps, Results, Applications
- What is Immunology?
- What is Sensitivity, Specificity, False positive, False negative?
- What is Southern Blotting?
- What is Western blotting?
- Wheatley Trichrome Staining
- WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2018
- Why a Nursing Student Should Learn Microbiology?
- Why TCBS agar is not autoclaved?
- Widal Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- X and V Factor Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitations
- X-Ray Spectroscopy- Definition, Principle, Steps, Parts, Uses
- Xanthoproteic Test- Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- XLD Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)
- Yeasts vs Molds- Definition and 23 Major Differences
- YEPD Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Yersinia enterocolitica Food Poisoning (Yersiniosis)
- Yersinia Selective Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses
- Ziehl-Neelsen Staining- Principle and Procedure with Results
- Zika Virus (ZIKV)- An Overview
