Skip to contentAgricultural Microbiology Notes
Bacteriology Notes
- 12 Differences between Pneumococcus and Viridans streptococci
- 20 Differences between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
- 21 Difference between O antigen and H antigen (O vs H antigen)
- 25 Differences between Anthrax bacilli and Anthracoid bacilli
- 32 Differences between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Acinetobacter baumannii- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
- Acinetobacter baumannii- Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
- Aerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST)- Types and Limitations
- Bacterial Sizes, Shapes and Arrangement with Examples
- Biochemical Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Clinical manifestation and Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes
- Clinical manifestation and Pathogenicity of Bacillus cereus
- Clostridium perfringens- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Clostridium perfringens- Pathogenesis, Clinical Features
- Collection and transport of stool specimens
- Cultural and Biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus
- Cultural Characteristics of Bacillus cereus
- Cultural characteristics of Clostridium perfringens
- Cultural Characteristics of E. coli
- Cultural Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Culture media used in Microbiology with their uses
- E. coli Pathotypes- ETEC, EPEC, EHEC, EAEC, EIEC, DAEC
- E. coli- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control
- E. coli- Pathogenicity and Clinical Manifestations
- Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
- Enterobacteriaceae Cultural Characteristics
- Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
- Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)
- Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
- Epsilometer test (E test)
- Factors affecting bacterial pathogenicity
- Flagella and Pili (Fimbriae)
- Gram-negative bacteria- cell wall, examples, diseases, antibiotics
- Gram-positive bacteria- cell wall, examples, diseases, antibiotics
- Gram-positive cell wall
- Habitat and Morphology of Acinetobacter baumannii
- Habitat and Morphology of Chlamydia trachomatis
- Habitat and Morphology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Habitat and Morphology of Gardnerella vaginalis
- Habitat and Morphology of Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Habitat and Morphology of Listeria monocytogenes
- Habitat and Morphology of Mycobacterium leprae
- Habitat and Morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Habitat and Morphology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Habitat and Morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Habitat and Morphology of Shigella dysenteriae
- Habitat and Morphology of Staphylococcus aureus
- Habitat and Morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Habitat and Morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes
- Habitat of Bacillus cereus
- Habitat of Clostridium perfringens
- Habitat of E. coli
- Hemolysis of Streptococci- Types and Examples with Images
- Klebsiella pneumoniae- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Klebsiella pneumoniae- Pathogenicity and Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory diagnosis of Bacterial vaginosis caused by Gardnerella vaginalis
- Laboratory diagnosis of Legionella pneumophila
- Laboratory diagnosis of Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae
- Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes
- Laboratory diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes
- Laboratory diagnosis of Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Bacillus cereus
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Coxiella burnetii
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Francisella tularensis
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Leptospira interrogans
- Laboratory diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Rickettsia rickettsii
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Shigella dysenteriae
- Laboratory diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Tuberculosis
- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control of Chlamydia trachomatis
- Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Morphology of Bacillus cereus
- Morphology of Bacteria
- Morphology of Clostridium perfringens
- Morphology of E. coli
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Normal Human Microbiota
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestation of Gardenerella vaginalis
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferi
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Chlamydia trachomatis
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Coxiella burnetii
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Francisella tularensis
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Leptospira interrogans
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Mycobacterium leprae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Rickettsia rickettsii
- Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Treponema pallidum
- Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)
- Shigella dysenteriae- Pathogenicity and Clinical Manifestation
- Staphylococcus aureus- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Staphylococcus epidermidis- An Overview
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
- Virulence factors and Clinical manifestation of Staphylococcus aureus
- Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Legionella pneumophila
- Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes
- Virulence factors, Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Water Quality Analysis by Most Probable Number (MPN)
- Why MHA is used for antibiotic susceptibility testing?
- Why TCBS agar is not autoclaved?
Basic Microbiology Notes
- 15 differences between Archaea and Bacteria
- 17 Differences between Meningitis and Encephalitis
- 19 Differences between cilia and flagella (cilia vs flagella)
- 21 Difference between diarrhea and dysentery (diarrhea vs dysentery)
- 21 Difference between O antigen and H antigen (O vs H antigen)
- 21 Differences between Bacteria and Fungi
- 28 Differences Between Bacteria and Virus (Bacteria vs Virus)
- 30 Differences between DNA and RNA (DNA vs RNA)
- 31 Differences Between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
- 47 Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Autoclave- definition, parts, principle, procedure, types, uses
- Bacterial and Fungal Preservation Methods
- Bacterial Growth and Factors Affecting Growth of Bacteria
- Bacterial growth curve and its significance
- Bacterial Growth Curve Protocol
- Bacterial Sizes, Shapes and Arrangement with Examples
- Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and Determinative Bacteriology
- Beta-Lactamase and Ambler classification
- Biochemical Test of Bacteria
- Biosafety Levels (BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3 and BSL-4)
- Chemical methods of sterilization- Gaseous and Liquid
- Cilia and Flagella- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Classification of Bacteria
- Classification of Bacteria on the basis of Nutrition
- Classification of Fungi
- Classification of Protozoa
- Degradation and Deterioration
- Direct Microscopic Counts
- Experiments in support and against Spontaneous Generation
- Fields of Microbiology
- Five Kingdom System of Classification- Features and Limitations
- General Aseptic Techniques in Microbiology Laboratory
- Haeckel’s Three kingdom System of Classification
- History of Microbiology
- Incubator- Definition, Parts, Working, Types, Uses, Precautions
- Instruments used in Microbiology Lab with Principle and Uses
- Isolation of Actinomycetes from Soil sample
- Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) from Soil sample
- Koch’s postulates and its limitations
- Laminar flow hood/cabinet- definition, parts, principle, types, uses
- Louis Pasteur and his contributions
- McFarland Standards- Principle, Preparation, Uses, Limitations
- Microbiology History
- Parts of a microscope with functions and labeled diagram
- Peptone Water
- Physical methods of sterilization- Heat, Filtration, Radiation
- Pour Plate Technique- Procedure, Advantages, Limitations
- Principles of Diagnosis with Medical Microbiology
- Prokaryotic cells- characteristics, structure, division, examples
- Robert Koch and Koch’s Postulates
- Scope and Applications of Microbiology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Serial dilution- definition, formula, calculator, procedure, uses
- Spread Plate Technique- Principle, Procedure, Advantages
- Streak Plate Method- Principle, Methods, Significance, Limitations
- The Germ Theory of Disease
- Top 10 Microbiology Journals with Impact Factor (updated 2019)
- Types of Centrifuge & Centrifugation (definition, principle, uses)
- Types of PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) – definition and uses
- Water Quality Analysis by Membrane Filter (MF) Technique
- Water Quality Analysis by Most Probable Number (MPN)
- What is Sensitivity, Specificity, False positive, False negative?
Biochemical Test Notes
- 4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-Glucuronide (MUG) Test
- Acetamide Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Acetate Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Bacitracin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Beta (β)-Lactamase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Bile Esculin Test- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Bile Esculin Test- Principle, procedure, results, uses, limitations
- Bile Solubility Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Biuret Test for Protein
- Butyrate Disk Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses, Limitations
- CAMP Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses, Limitations
- Carbohydrate Fermentation Test | Sugar Fermentation Test
- Casein Hydrolysis Test
- Catalase Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Cetrimide Agar Test- Principle, Procedures, Results, Uses
- Citrate Utilization Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Coagulase Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Result, Uses
- Decarboxylase Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Esculin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Gelatin Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Result, Uses
- Growth at 42°C Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Hippurate Hydrolysis Test- Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Production Test
- Indole Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses
- Kligler Iron Agar Test
- L-Pyrrolidonyl Arylamidase (PYR) Test
- Lecithinase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Leucine Amino Peptidase (LAP) Test
- Lipase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedures, Results, Uses
- Lipid Hydrolysis Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Litmus Milk Medium Test
- Lysine Iron Agar Test
- Malonate Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Methyl Red (MR) Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- Motility Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- MRS Broth Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- Nitrate Reduction Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Nitrite Reduction Test
- Novobiocin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- O-Nitrophenyl-β-D-Galactopyranoside (ONPG) Test
- Optochin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- Oxidase Test- Principle, Procedure and Results
- Oxidation-Fermentation (OF) Test
- Phenylalanine Deaminase Test
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH) test
- Pyruvate Broth Test
- Salt Tolerance Test
- Spot Indole Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Results and Limitations
- Starch Hydrolysis Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Sulfur Reduction Test
- Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) Test
- Urease Test- Principle, Media, Procedure, Result, Uses
- Voges Proskauer (VP) Test
- X and V Factor Test for Haemophilus
Biochemical Test of Bacteria Notes
Biochemistry Notes
- 12 differences between Primary and Secondary Metabolites
- 20 Differences Between Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acids
- 29 Difference between exotoxins and endotoxins
- Active Transport- Types and Significance
- Alpha Oxidation
- Amino Acids- Properties, Structure, Classification and Functions
- Benedict’s Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results
- Beta-oxidation of Fatty Acid
- Biuret Test for Protein
- Brain Lipid Extraction Protocol
- Buffer and Extraction Buffer
- Carbohydrate Fermentation Test | Sugar Fermentation Test
- Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
- Carbohydrates- definition, structure, types, examples, functions
- Cholesterol structure and synthesis
- De novo pyrimidine synthesis
- Degradation and Deterioration
- Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC)- Components and Steps
- Electron transport chain- definition, components, steps & FAQs
- Enzyme Inhibition
- Enzymes- Properties, Classification and Significance
- Ethanol Metabolism
- Fat soluble vitamins- Vitamin A, D, E and K
- Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Fructose Metabolism
- Galactose Metabolism
- Gluconeogenesis- Steps, Reactions and Significance
- Glycogenesis
- Glycogenolysis
- Glycolysis- definition, equation, enzymes, 10 Steps with diagram
- Glycolysis- Steps, ATP generation and Significance
- Heme Degradation
- Heme Synthesis
- Henderson Hasselbalch Equation
- Ketones in urine (ketonuria) and Ketones in urine test
- Krebs cycle / Citric acid cycle / TCA Cycle with steps and diagram
- Lineweaver–Burk Plot
- Lipids- definition, properties, structure, types, examples, functions
- Membrane Carbohydrate
- Membrane Lipids
- Membrane Proteins
- Nitrogen Cycle- Steps and Significance
- Nucleic Acids- Nucleosides and Nucleotides
- Omega oxidation (ω-oxidation) of fatty acid
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Passive Transport
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Peptide bond- definition, formation, degradation, examples
- Phosphoketolase (Heterolactic) Pathway
- Protein Databases- Types and Importance
- Protein Structure- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary
- Proteins- Properties, Structure, Classification and Functions
- Purine Synthesis
- TCA Cycle (Citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle)
- The Michaelis–Menten model
- The Wobble Hypothesis
- Urea Cycle- Enzymes and Steps
- Uronic Acid Pathway
- Water Soluble Vitamins- B-Complex and C
Bioinformatics Notes
Biology Notes
- 10 differences between Absorption and Adsorption
- 10 differences between Biotic and Abiotic Factors
- 11 Differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
- 11 differences between Chromosome and Chromatid
- 11 Differences Between Oviparous and Viviparous (Oviparous vs Viviparous)
- 12 differences between Diploid and Haploid (Diploid vs Haploid)
- 12 differences between Flora and Fauna (Flora vs Fauna)
- 12 Differences Between Pollination and Fertilization
- 12 Differences Between Primary and Secondary Succession
- 14 differences between Actin and Myosin
- 14 Differences between Autotroph and Heterotroph
- 14 differences between Habitat and Niche (Habitat vs Niche)
- 15 differences between amphibians and reptiles
- 15 differences between epithelial tissue and connective tissue
- 15 differences between Nitrification and Denitrification
- 16 Differences Between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
- 16 differences between Cold-blooded and Warm-blooded animals
- 16 Differences Between Phytoplankton and Zooplankton
- 17 Differences Between Taproot and Fibrous root (Taproot vs Fibrous root)
- 17 Differences Between Vascular and Non-vascular plants
- 18 differences between active transport and passive transport
- 18 Differences Between Xylem and Phloem (Xylem vs Phloem)
- 21 Difference between diarrhea and dysentery (diarrhea vs dysentery)
- 24 Differences between Invertebrates and Vertebrates
- 26 differences between Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons
- 27 differences between Angiosperm and Gymnosperm
- 27 Differences between Arteries and Veins (Arteries vs Veins)
- 29 Difference between exotoxins and endotoxins
- 32 Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis (Mitosis vs Meiosis)
- 33 Difference between enzymes and hormones (enzymes vs hormones)
- 47 Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Active Transport- Types and Significance
- Bacterial Transduction- Definition, Principle, Steps, Examples
- Binary Fission- definition, steps, types, examples (vs mitosis)
- Characteristics of Invertebrates with examples
- Chromosome- Structure, Types and Functions
- Chromosomes- Abnormalities and Disorders
- Cladogram- definition, features, parts, examples (vs Phylogram)
- Classification of Phylum Protozoa
- Developmental Biology
- Epithelial Tissue – Definition, types, functions, examples
- Facilitated Diffusion- definition, principle, factors, examples
- Five Kingdom System of Classification- Features and Limitations
- Flow Cytometry-Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Types, Uses
- General Characteristics of Phylum Porifera
- Genus Spirogyra – An Overview
- Glandular epithelium- definition, structure, functions, examples
- Haeckel’s Three kingdom System of Classification
- Homeostasis- Definition, Types, Examples, Applications
- How these 26 things look like under the microscope (with diagrams)
- Isolation of Mitochondria from Plants, Yeast Cells, Mice, Cell Culture
- Lower and Higher Invertebrates with their differences
- Meiosis- definition, purpose, stages, applications with diagram
- Mendel’s Experiment and Laws
- Mitosis- definition, purpose, stages, applications with diagram
- Nitrogen Cycle- Steps and Significance
- Osmosis- definition, types, examples, (Osmosis vs Diffusion)
- Oxygen Release in Photosynthesis Protocol
- Photosynthesis- definition, equation, steps, process, diagram
- Phylum Annelida- characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Aschelminthes- characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Ctenophora- characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Mollusca- characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Nematoda- characteristics, classification, examples
- Phylum Platyhelminthes- characteristics, classification, examples
- Pinocytosis- definition, steps, types, examples, (vs phagocytosis)
- Protozoa- Definition, characteristics, classification, examples
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Simple columnar epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Simple cuboidal epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Simple Diffusion vs Facilitated Diffusion (11 Differences)
- Simple diffusion- definition, principle, examples, applications
- Simple squamous epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Speciation- definition, causes, process, types, examples
- Stratified columnar epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Stratified cuboidal epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Stratified squamous epithelium- structure, functions, examples
- Tardigrade- Definition, Habitat, Morphology, Physiology, Interesting facts
- Top and Best Biology Websites or Blogs according to Alexa Rank
- Transitional epithelium- definition, structure, functions, examples
- Types of Plant Cell – Definition, Structure, Functions, Diagrams
Biotechnology Notes
- 14 Types of Chromatography (Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses)
- Bioremediation
- Cell Fusion- Types and Significance
- Centrifugal force- definition, formula, Principle, Examples (vs Centripetal force)
- Embryo Transfer
- Enzyme Technology
- Micropropagation- Stages, Types, Applications, Advantages, Limitations
- Plant Tissue Culture
- Solid State Fermentation (SSF)
- Submerged Fermentation
- Ultracentrifuge- Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, Procedure, Uses
Cancer Biology Notes
Cell Biology Notes
- 13 Differences Between Rough & Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- 15 differences between epithelial tissue and connective tissue
- 25 differences between plant cell and animal cell (plant cell vs animal cell)
- Anaphase in Mitosis and Meiosis (Anaphase I, II)
- Animal Cell- Definition, Structure, Parts, Functions and Diagram
- Apoptosis- definition, pathways, assay, examples (vs Necrosis)
- Cell (Plasma) Membrane- Structure, Composition, Functions
- Cell Fusion- Types and Significance
- Cell Organelles- Structure and Functions with labeled diagram
- Cell Wall (Plant, Fungal, Bacterial)- Structure and Functions
- Centrioles- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Chloroplasts- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Cilia and Flagella- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Cytokinesis- Definition and Process (in animal and plant cells)
- Cytoplasm- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Cytoskeleton- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Embryo Transfer
- Endocytosis and Exocytosis (Endocytosis vs Exocytosis)
- Endocytosis- Definition, Process and Types with Examples
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Epithelial Tissue – Definition, types, functions, examples
- Eukaryotic Cells- Definition, Characteristics, Structure, Examples
- Exocytosis- Definition, Process and Types with Examples
- Facilitated Diffusion- definition, principle, factors, examples
- Fluid Mosaic Model
- Golgi Apparatus- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Interphase- definition, stages, cell cycle with diagram & video
- Lysosomes- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Meiosis- definition, purpose, stages, applications with diagram
- Membrane Carbohydrate
- Membrane Lipids
- Membrane Proteins
- Metaphase in Mitosis and Meiosis (Metaphase 1 and 2)
- Microfilaments- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Microtubules- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Microvilli- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Mitochondria- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Mitosis- definition, purpose, stages, applications with diagram
- Neutrophils – Definition, structure, count, range, functions
- Nucleosome Model of Chromosome
- Nucleus- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Osmosis- definition, types, examples, (Osmosis vs Diffusion)
- Passive Transport
- Peroxisomes- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Pinocytosis- definition, steps, types, examples, (vs phagocytosis)
- Plant cell- definition, labeled diagram, structure, parts, organelles
- Plasmodesmata- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Plastids- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions and Diagram
- Prophase in mitosis and meiosis (Prophase 1 and 2)
- Ribosomes- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Sandwich (Davson–Danielli) model of cell membrane
- Secretory Vesicles- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Simple diffusion- definition, principle, examples, applications
- Storage Granules- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
- Telophase in Mitosis and Meiosis (Telophase I, II)
- Types of Plant Cell – Definition, Structure, Functions, Diagrams
- Vacuoles- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions and Diagram
- Vesicles- Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
Developmental Biology Notes
Difference Between Notes
Diseases Notes
Environmental Microbiology Notes
Epidemiology Notes
- 8 differences between Isolation and Quarantine
- Branches of Epidemiology
- Case-Control Study
- Cross-Sectional Study
- Descriptive Studies- Types, Applications, Advantages, Limitations
- Disease Control
- Disease Prevention
- Endemic Diseases
- Epidemic vs Pandemic with Definition and Examples
- Epidemic- Causes, Types, and Response
- Epidemiologic Triad- Agent, Host, Environment
- Epidemiological Markers
- Epidemiology- History, Objectives and Types
- Error- Types, Sources and Control
- Field Trials
- Mode of Transmission of Diseases
- Outbreak Investigations- Objectives, Steps, Difficulties
- Pandemic- definition, features, causes, effects, examples
- Phases of Clinical Trials for Drugs and Vaccine Development
- Predictive Value
- Randomized Controlled Trial (RCTs)
- Scope of Epidemiology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Source and Reservoir of Infection
- Theories of Disease
- Types of Bias in Epidemiology
Food Microbiology Notes
Human Anatomy Notes
Human Physiology Notes
Immunology Notes
- 12 Differences between antigen and antibody (Antigen vs Antibody)
- 12 Differences between Primary and Secondary Immune Response
- 14 differences between Agglutination and Precipitation
- 15 differences between MHC Class I and Class II (mhc i vs ii)
- 16 Differences Between Antigenic Shift and Antigenic Drift
- 17 Differences between B Cells and T Cells (B Cells vs T Cells)
- 17 Differences between Serum and Plasma (Serum vs Plasma)
- 19 Differences between Active Immunity and Passive Immunity
- 19 Differences between RBC and WBC (RBC vs WBC)
- 20 Differences between Humoral Immunity and Cell mediated Immunity
- 29 Differences between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity
- 8 Differences between cytokines and chemokines
- Active Immunization- Advantages and Drawbacks
- Agglutination – definition, reactions and applications
- Anatomical Barriers of Immune System- Skin and Mucus
- Antibody- Introduction, Structure and Classes
- Apoptosis- definition, pathways, assay, examples (vs Necrosis)
- Autoimmune Disease
- B Cells (B-Lymphocytes)
- Biology of the B Lymphocyte
- Bone Marrow- Types, Structure and Functions
- Cells of the immune system
- Classical Pathway of Complement Activation
- Competitive ELISA Protocol and Animation
- Complement Activation- Classical, Alternative and Lectin Pathways
- Complement Components
- Complement Fixation Test- Steps, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Complement- Properties and Nomenclature
- Coomb’s Test- Direct and Indirect Coomb’s Test
- Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis
- Cytokines- Mechanism of action and Functions
- Endocytosis- Definition, Process and Types with Examples
- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
- Factors affecting Immunogenicity
- Hypersensitivity Type I, II, III and IV in one table
- Hypersensitivity- Introduction, Causes, Mechanism and Types
- Immune Booster Foods
- Immunoelectrophoresis- Principle, Procedure, Results and Applications, Advantages and Limitations
- Immunofluorescence
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA)- Structure, Subclasses and Functions
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD)- Structure and Functions
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE)- Structure and Functions
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG)- Structure, Subclasses and Functions
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM)- Structure and Functions
- Indirect ELISA- Introduction, Steps, Advantages and Protocol
- Inflammation
- Innate Immune System- An Introduction
- Introduction to Antigen
- Introduction to Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Latex Agglutination Test
- Lymph Nodes- Structure and Functions
- Lymphocytes- Types and Functions
- Macrophages- Introductions and Functions
- Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)- Types and Importance
- Major Histocompatibility Complex I- Structure, Mechanism and Functions
- Major Histocompatibility Complex II- Structure, Mechanism and Functions
- Monoclonal Antibodies- Types, Uses and Limitations
- Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)
- Neutralization Test- Introduction and Types
- Neutrophils – Definition, structure, count, range, functions
- Non-Specific Immune Response
- Opsonization- Definition, Mechanism, Opsonins, Examples
- Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion technique
- Passive immunization with advantages and drawbacks
- Phagocytosis- definition, mechanism, steps with example
- Physiological barriers of immune system
- Precipitation Reaction – definition and applications
- Properties and Function of different classes of Antibodies
- Radial Immunodiffusion- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results, Applications, Advantages and Limitations
- Radioimmunoassay- Principle, Uses and Limitations
- Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test
- Rh Blood Group System
- Ring Precipitation Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results and Examples
- Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis- Objectives, Principle, Procedure, Results, Applications, Advantages and Limitations
- Sandwich ELISA- Steps and Advantages
- Southern Blot- Principle, Steps and Applications
- Spleen- Structure and Functions
- Stem Cells- Definition, Properties, Types, Uses, Challenges
- Structure of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
- Thymus- Structure and Functions
- Type 1 (Anaphylactic) Hypersensitivity Reaction
- Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity- Mechanism and Examples
- Type III (Immune Complex) Hypersensitivity- Mechanism and Examples
- Type IV (Cell Mediated) Hypersensitivity- Mechanism and Examples
- Types of Agglutination Reactions
- Types of antigen on the basis of source and immune response
- Types of Complement Fixation Test
- Types of Precipitation Reactions
- Vaccines- Introduction and Types with Examples
- Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test
- Western blotting- Introduction, Principle and Applications
- What is Immunology?
- Widal Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Advantages and Limitations
Infection Notes
Instrumentation Notes
- 14 Types of Chromatography (Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses)
- Affinity Chromatography
- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
- Autoclave- definition, parts, principle, procedure, types, uses
- Beer-Lambert Law
- Cell Disruption Methods
- Centrifugation- Principle, Types and Applications
- Chromatography- definition, principle, types, applications
- Column Chromatography
- Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)- Principle, Instrumentation, Applications
- Flow Cytometry-Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Types, Uses
- Gamma-ray (γ-ray) Spectroscopy
- Gas chromatography- definition, principle, working, uses
- Gel Filtration Chromatography
- Gel Permeation Chromatography
- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
- Immunoelectrophoresis- Principle, Procedure, Results and Applications, Advantages and Limitations
- Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
- Instruments used in Microbiology Lab with Principle and Uses
- Ion Exchange Chromatography
- Laminar flow hood/cabinet- definition, parts, principle, types, uses
- Mass Spectrometry (MS)- Principle, Working, Instrumentation, Steps, Applications
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
- Paper Chromatography
- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)
- Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
- Solid State Fermentation (SSF)
- Spectrophotometer- Principle, Instrumentation, Applications
- Thin Layer Chromatography
- Types of Centrifuge & Centrifugation (definition, principle, uses)
- Ultracentrifuge- Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, Procedure, Uses
- UV Spectroscopy- Principle, Instrumentation, Applications
- X-Ray Spectroscopy- Principle, Instrumentation and Applications
Laboratory Tests Notes
Microbiology Pictures
Microscopy Notes
- 36 Differences between light and electron microscope
- Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
- Brightfield Microscope (Compound Light Microscope)
- Compound microscope- definition, labeled diagram, parts, uses
- Confocal Microscope
- Darkfield Microscope- Definition, Principle and Uses
- Digital Microscope
- Dissecting microscope (Stereo or stereoscopic microscope)
- Electron microscope- definition, principle, types, uses, images
- Fluorescence Microscope from LEAM Solution Inc
- Fluorescence Microscopy- definition, principle, parts, uses
- How these 26 things look like under the microscope (with diagrams)
- Inverted Microscope
- Light Microscope- definition, principle, types, parts, magnification
- Parts of a microscope with functions and labeled diagram
- Phase contrast Microscopy- definition, principle, parts, uses
- Pocket Microscope
- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
- Simple Microscope- Definition, Principle, Parts, Applications
- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
- Types of Microscopes
- USB Microscope- definition, principle, parts, examples, uses
Molecular Biology Notes
- 11 differences between Endonuclease and Exonuclease
- 12 differences between Introns and Exons (Introns vs Exons)
- 15 Differences Between Transcription and Translation
- 23 Differences between DNA Replication and Transcription
- 7 Types of RNA with Structure and Functions
- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
- Bacterial Conjugation- Definition, Principle, Process, Examples
- Bacterial Transduction- Definition, Principle, Steps, Examples
- Bacterial Transformation- definition, principle, steps, examples
- Central Dogma- Replication, Transcription, Translation
- Cloning Vectors
- Different forms of DNA- A form, B form, Z form
- DNA Fingerprinting- Principle, Methods, Applications
- DNA Ladders (1 kb, 1 kb plus, 100 bp, 100 bp plus) and Uses
- DNA Methylation
- DNA Microarray
- DNA Polymerase- definition, structure, types (vs RNA polymerase)
- DNA Replication- definition, enzymes, steps, mechanism, diagram
- DNA Sequencing- Maxam–Gilbert and Sanger Dideoxy Method
- DNA Transcription (RNA Synthesis)- Article, Diagrams and Video
- DNA- Structure, Properties, Types and Functions
- Eukaryotic DNA Isolation Protocol
- Eukaryotic DNA Replication- Features, Enzymes, Process, Significance
- Eukaryotic Transcription
- Flow Cytometry-Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Types, Uses
- Gene Cloning- Requirements, Principle, Steps, Applications
- Gene Expression
- Gene Prediction- Importance and Methods
- Genomics
- Lac operon- definition, structure, Inducers, diagram
- Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
- Nucleosome Model of Chromosome
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- Principle, Steps, Applications
- Post Translational Modification
- Prokaryotic DNA Replication- Enzymes, Steps and Significance
- Prokaryotic Transcription- Enzymes, Steps, Significance
- Prokaryotic Translation (Protein Synthesis)
- Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
- Real Time PCR- Principle, Process, Markers, Advantages, Uses
- Recombinant DNA Technology- Steps, Applications and Limitations
- Regulation of protein synthesis in Prokaryotes
- Regulation of Translation In Eukaryotes
- Restriction Enzyme (Restriction Endonuclease)
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
- RNA Isolation Protocol
- RNA polymerase- Definition, Types and Functions
- RNA Splicing- definition, process, mechanism, types, errors, uses
- RNA- Properties, Structure, Types and Functions
- The Earth BioGenome Project (EBP)
- The Human Genome Project
- The Wobble Hypothesis
- Translation (Protein Synthesis) in Eukaryotes
- Translation (Protein Synthesis)- Definition, Enzymes and Steps
- Transposable elements- definition, types, examples, applications
- Tryptophan (Trp) Operon
- Types of PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) – definition and uses
- Watson and Crick DNA Model
- What is Sensitivity, Specificity, False positive, False negative?
- Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)
Mycology Notes
News and Updates
Parasitology Notes
Pharmacology Notes
- Beta (β)-Lactamase Test- Objectives, Principle, Procedure and Results
- Beta-Lactamase and Ambler classification
- Chloroquine (Chloroquine Phosphate)
- Dexamethasone- Properties, uses, side effects & COVID-19
- Epsilometer test (E test)
- Favipiravir- properties, uses, mechanism, side effects, COVID-19
- Hydroxychloroquine- uses, side effects, interactions & COVID-19
- In Silico drug designing and role of bioinformatics
- Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Remdesivir- Mechanism of Action, Uses, Synthesis & COVID-19
Product Reviews
Protocols
Reports and Guidelines
Research Methodology Notes
Short Answer Questions
Staining Notes
- Acid Fast Stain (Kinyoun-Cold Method)- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Acid Fast Stain- Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Acridine Orange Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Albert Staining- Principle, Reagents, Procedure, Results, Interpretation
- Auramine- Rhodamine Staining
- Calcofluor White Staining
- Capsule Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Collagen Hybridizing Peptide Staining
- Endospore Staining- Types, principle, procedure and Interpretation
- Flagella Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Giemsa Stain- Principle, Procedure, Results, Interpretation
- Gram Stain- Principle, Reagents, Procedure, Steps, Results
- Grocott-Gomori’s Methenamine Silver Staining
- Hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E stain or HE stain)
- Iron-Hematoxylin Staining
- Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) Staining
- Negative staining of Viruses
- Negative Staining- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Papanicolaou Staining (Pap stain) for Pap Smear / Pap Test
- Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Staining
- Positive staining of Viruses
- Romanowsky Stains- Principle, Types, Applications
- Silver Staining- Principle, Procedure, Applications
- Simple Staining- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Spore Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
- Ziehl-Neelsen Staining- Principle and Procedure with Results
Syllabus
Top 10
Virology Notes
