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Immunology

Immunology is an emerging branch of medical science that deals with studies related to different aspects of the immune system like the cells, structure, function, response against antigens, and disorders.

  • The immune system consists of a collection of cells, chemicals, processes, and mechanisms that function to protect the body from foreign antigens, such as microbes (organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites), viruses, cancer cells, and toxins.
  • Beyond, the structural and chemical barriers which protect us from infection, the immune system consists of two lines of defense; innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
  • The innate immunity represents the first line of defense against the antigen, and it is an antigen-independent defense mechanism used by the host immediately or within hours of encountering an antigen.
  • On the other hand, adaptive immunity is antigen-dependent and antigen-specific and, therefore, includes a lag time between exposure to the antigen and maximal response.
  • Studies conducted in immunology are related to the measurement of physiological functioning of the immune system in both healthy and disease conditions, malfunctioning of the system in the case of disorders, and physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the cells of the immune system.
  • Immunology is fast becoming an important branch of clinical medicine as it has a close relationship with organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, and even dermatology.
  • Immunology is focused on certain organs of the body like the bone marrow and the lymphatic system and the white blood cells found in the blood.
  • These cells or organs producing these cells are responsible, directly or indirectly, for the defense mechanism of the body against a pathogenic agent or other antigens.
  • These cells keep on circulating throughout the body via blood or lymph so that they can detect antigens entering the body from different sources.
  • An important aspect of immunology is immunotherapy, where components of the immune system or antigens are used to treat a disease or disorder as a form of treatment.

Active Immunity vs Passive Immunity- Definition, 19 Differences

January 26, 2022January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Differences between Active Immunity and Passive Immunity

Image Source: BioNinja. The major differences are: S.N. Characteristics Active Immunity Passive Immunity 1. Definition The protective immunity in which the individual’s own immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies and lymphocytes. … Read more

Humoral vs Cell mediated Immunity- Definition, 20 Differences

January 26, 2022January 19, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Differences between Humoral Immunity and Cell mediated Immunity

Image Source: Pinterest. Here are some differences: S.N. Characteristics Humoral Immunity Cell-mediated Immunity 1. Definition The immunity mediated by macromolecules found in the extracellular body fluids is called humoral immunity. … Read more

RBC vs WBC- Definition and 19 Major Differences

February 22, 2022January 19, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Differences between RBCs and WBCs

RBC vs WBC (Table form) S.N. Characteristics Red Blood Cells (RBCs) White Blood Cells (WBCs) 1. Alternative Name Erythrocytes Leucocytes 2. Origin In the embryonic phase, they are formed in … Read more

B Cells vs T Cells- Definition and 17 Key Differences

January 26, 2022January 18, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Differences between B Cells and T Cells

Differences between B Cells and T Cells The major differences between them are: S.N. Characteristics B  lymphocytes (B cells) T lymphocytes (T cells) 1. Site of Maturation B lymphocytes both … Read more

Agglutination vs Precipitation- Definition, 14 Differences, Examples

January 26, 2022January 10, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
differences between Agglutination and Precipitation (Agglutination vs Precipitation)

Image Source: Biology Online and Lumen Learning. Agglutination Definition Agglutination is the process of clumping of antigens with their respective antibodies. Agglutination reactions are used to particulate test antigens that … Read more

Primary vs Secondary Immune Response- 12 Differences

January 26, 2022January 9, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Differences between Primary and Secondary Immune Response

Differences between Primary and Secondary Immune Response In a primary immune response, naive B cells are stimulated by antigen, become activated, and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells that produce antibodies specific … Read more

Antigenic Shift vs Antigenic Drift- Definition and 16 Differences

January 26, 2022January 7, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Differences Between Antigenic Shift and Antigenic Drift

Here are some differences: S.N. Characteristics Antigenic Shift Antigenic Drift 1. Definition Antigenic shift refers to the gene recombination occurring when influenza viruses re-assort. Mutations causing minute changes in the hemagglutinin … Read more

MHC Class I vs Class II- Definition, 15 Differences, Examples

January 26, 2022January 5, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Differences between MHC Class I and Class II

MHC Class I and Class II differences (mhc i vs mhc ii) The major differences are: S.N. Characteristics MHC-I molecule MHC -II molecule 1. Distribution Present on almost all nucleated … Read more

Agglutination – Definition, Reactions and Applications

April 21, 2022December 16, 2021 by Sagar Aryal
Agglutination- Introduction and Applications

Agglutination is an antigen-antibody reaction in which a particulate antigen combines with its antibody in the presence of electrolytes at a specified temperature and pH resulting in the formation of … Read more

Autoimmune Disease- Definition, Types, and Examples

January 6, 2022October 17, 2021 by Sagar Aryal
Autoimmune Disease

What is an Autoimmune disease? Autoimmune disease occurs when a specific adaptive immune response is mounted against self-antigens. The normal consequence of an adaptive immune response against a foreign antigen … Read more

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