Sagar Aryal, PhD

Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. He completed his Ph.D. degree in Microbiology from the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal in 2025. He was awarded the DAAD Research Grant to conduct part of his Ph.D. research work for two years (2019-2021) at Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. Sagar is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. He is the Research Head of the Department of Natural Products, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences (KRIBS), Lalitpur, Nepal. Sagar has more than 15 years of experience in blogging, content writing, and SEO. Sagar was awarded the SfAM Communications Award 2015: Professional Communicator Category from the Society for Applied Microbiology (Now: Applied Microbiology International), Cambridge, United Kingdom (UK). Sagar is also the ASM Young Ambassador to Nepal for the American Society for Microbiology since 2023 onwards.

Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2025-2027

June 13, 2026May 28, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Cambridge AS and A Level Biology Syllabus

This AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus is for the 2025, 2026, and 2027 exams. Cambridge International AS & A Level Biology develops a set of transferable skills, including … Read more

Classification of Bacteria on the basis of Nutrition

May 28, 2026May 23, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Nutritional Types of Bacteria On the basis of energy source, organisms are designated as: Phototrophs: Chemotrophs: On the basis of the electron source, organisms are designated as: Lithotrophs: Organotrophs: Thus, … Read more

Immunoglobulin G (IgG): Structure, Subclasses and Functions

May 10, 2026May 9, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Structure of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) IgG Subclasses IgG1 It comprises 60 to 65% of the total main subclass IgG, and predominantly responsible for the thymus-mediated immune response against proteins and polypeptide … Read more

Hantavirus: Structure, Replication, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention

May 10, 2026May 8, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Hantavirus is a rodent-borne zoonotic virus that causes severe human illnesses, primarily hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Structure of Hantavirus Genome of Hantavirus Epidemiology and … Read more

Optimisation of bacterial growth analysis through microplate readers

January 21, 2026January 2, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

In microbiology, the precise quantification of bacterial growth forms the basis for numerous areas of research – from basic research and pharmacology to food microbiology. While traditional measurement in cuvette … Read more

NEET Biology Syllabus 2026 with Study Notes

December 29, 2025December 23, 2025 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

The National Testing Agency (NTA) has been conducting the NEET (UG) since 2019 with the approval of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in … Read more

Real-Time PCR (qPCR): Principle, Process, Markers, Uses

September 2, 2025August 14, 2025 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Real Time PCR- Principle, Process, Markers, Advantages, Uses

Real-Time PCR is a technique used to monitor the progress of a PCR reaction in real-time. At the same time, a relatively small amount of PCR product (DNA, cDNA or … Read more

McFarland Standards: Principle, Preparation, Uses, Limitations

August 8, 2025August 4, 2025 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

What is McFarland Standards? McFarland Standards are used as the reference in order to adjust the turbidity of the liquid/ bacterial suspension in the vial or tube in the microbiology … Read more

Types of antigen on the basis of source and immune response

August 8, 2025July 31, 2025 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

On basis of Source/Origin Exogenous antigens: These are antigens which are foreign to host body hence are also called foreign antigens. These are antigens that enters the body of the organism … Read more

Biochemical Test of Streptococcus mutans

August 8, 2025July 30, 2025 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Biochemical Test of Streptococcus mutans Basic Characteristics Properties (Streptococcus mutans) Capsule Capsulated Catalase Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Positive (+ve) Hemolysis Alfa Hemolysis Motility Non-motile OF (Oxidative-Fermentative) Facultative anaerobes Oxidase Negative … Read more