Agrani Paudel 
Antigen, Immunogen, and Hapten Antigen Immunogen It is any antigen that produces a humoral or cell-mediated immune response Note: All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogenic Complete vs. … Read more
An epitope or antigenic determinant is a specific region or a molecular sequence present on the surface of an antigen that is recognized by a receptor of a B-cell or … Read more
Within the vast expense of biological diversity, an estimated 100 million species await discovery alongside the 1.5 million already cataloged. To accurately identify these organisms and classify them, various tools … Read more
Water pollution is an emerging global concern that threatens ecosystems, human health, and essential water resources. It majorly occurs due to the contamination of water bodies with harmful substances such … Read more
Bioleaching, also called biomining or microbial bioleaching is a biotechnological process that employs microorganisms to extract metal from their ores and the solid metallic waste. The traditionally used method not … Read more
The movement of our body occurs in three different anatomical planes of motion: coronal, sagittal, and transverse. The three planes of the body can be briefly discussed below: Coronal (frontal … Read more
DNA molecules most commonly exist in double-stranded form whereas RNA exists in single-stranded form. However, both DNA and RNA when in single-stranded form may exist to form a hairpin loop-like … Read more
Cell-cell communication is a crucial part of biological systems. Among various ways of cell communication, communication through electrical signals is of great significance where depolarization plays an important role in … Read more
Fluorimetry is a scientific and analytical technique used to detect and measure the fluorescent light emitted by the sample (lying in the visible spectrum) with the aid of ultraviolet rays. … Read more
Organisms can be defined as a living thing, a unique, complex organization exhibiting the following significant characteristics: Diversity in the living world A wide range of living forms exist in … Read more
