Sagar Aryal, PhD 
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist considered the most important founders of Microbiology. Microbiology developed as a scientific discipline from the era of Louis Pasteur (1822- 1895) himself. He first … Read more
Biomolecules are purified using different techniques that separate them according to the differences in their specific properties such as size, hydrophobicity, biorecognition, charge, etc. Gel filtration is a technique in … Read more
Classification of Torovirus Group IV: ssRNA positive strand virus Order: Nidovirales Family: Coronaviridae Subfamily: Toronavirinae Genus: Torovirus Structure of Torovirus Torovirusis a genus of viruses in the order Nidovirales, in the family Coronaviridae, in the subfamily Torovirinae. … Read more
WHO has published a global TB report every year since 1997. The main aim of the report is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic, and … Read more
Two groups of E. coli are responsible for enteric disease: Enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC] and some Shiga toxin–producing E. coli [STEC]. They both possess a cluster of virulence genes located … Read more
Structure of Hepatitis A Virus HAV (Hepatitis A Virus) is a distinct member of the picornavirus family, assigned to genus hepatovirus. HAV is a 27 nm to 32 nm spherical particle … Read more
Differences between Yeasts and Molds Both yeast and molds are eukaryotes – organisms with cell nuclei and membrane-bound organelles in the kingdom Fungi. The major differences between Yeasts and Molds … Read more
Pathogenesis of Treponema pallidum The two major routes of transmission of Treponema pallidum are sexual and transplacental. Sexual exposure to a person who has an active syphilitic chancre carries a … Read more
X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV, produced … Read more
Structure of Rotavirus The name rotavirus is derived from the Latin word rota, meaning “wheel,” which refers to the virion’s appearance in negative-stained electron micrographs. Rotavirus falls under Reoviridae family … Read more
