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Molecular Biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that deals with the composition, structure, and function of cellular molecules like proteins and nucleic acids essential for the cellular functions and mechanisms.

  • Molecular biology is primarily focused on nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, their structure, composition, expression, and interactions among themselves.
  • Molecular biology is slowly becoming an important area of research with the discovery that nucleic acids and other biomolecules play a vital role in the normal functioning of the body.
  • Molecular biology developed as a separate discipline from other branches like biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics.
  • Over the years, many techniques have been developed in molecular biology; however, researchers tend to use methods and techniques native to genetics.
  • Common techniques used in molecular biology include X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of nucleic acids.
  • The discipline focuses on the molecular mechanism of genetic processes so that genes can be used for genetic engineering to isolate, modify, and sequence genes.
  • Initial studies in molecular biology were involved in the determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins in order to understand their structure and mechanism of action and expression.
  • Initial studies in molecular biology were based on the rapid growth and readily manipulable genetics of simple bacteria, such as E. coli, and their viruses. 
  • More recently, not only the fundamental principles but also many of the experimental approaches first developed in prokaryotes have been successfully applied to eukaryotic cells. 
  • Current advances in recombinant DNA technology have made even the determination of the complete sequence of the human genome a feasible project.
  • Complete genome sequencing of various living beings, including humans, has been done with modern approaches like DNA sequencing techniques and PCR.
  • Studies of molecular biology have also been applied in clinical research and medical therapies, both of which are covered under gene therapy.
  • Molecular biology also plays a vital role in studies related to regulations of various parts of a cell, which can then be used to target new drugs and diagnose diseases efficiently.

DNA- Structure, Properties, Types, Forms, Functions

September 17, 2022February 1, 2022 by Yashaswi Sharma
DNA Structure

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, which is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce. These instructions are found inside every cell and are passed … Read more

Endonuclease vs Exonuclease- Definition, 11 Differences, Examples

January 26, 2022January 20, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
Differences between Endonuclease and Exonuclease

Image Source: Helixitta and Christopherrussell. Endonuclease Definition An endonuclease is a group of enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond present within a polynucleotide chain. Endonucleases are capable of breaking the … Read more

Introns vs Exons- Definition, 12 Major Differences, Examples

May 4, 2022January 19, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
Differences between Introns and Exons (Introns vs Exons)

Introns Definition Introns are non-coding DNA sequences within a gene that are removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the RNA product. The term ‘intron’ represents the intragenic region which … Read more

Gene Expression- Definition, Process, Regulation, Mechanism

February 22, 2022January 13, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Gene Expression

What is Gene Expression? Gene expression is the process by which the genetic code – the nucleotide sequence – of a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. … Read more

Transcription vs Translation- Definition, 15 Differences, Examples

February 22, 2022January 11, 2022 by Anupama Sapkota
Differences Between Transcription and Translation

Transcription Definition Transcription is the process where the genetic information on a DNA strand is transferred into an RNA strand by a series of polymerization reactions catalyzed by enzymes called … Read more

DNA Replication vs Transcription- Definition, 23 Differences

September 17, 2022January 6, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Differences between DNA Replication and Transcription

DNA replication and transcription are fundamental genetic processes that are essential for cell growth and division.  Both DNA replication and transcription processes involve the generation of a new molecule of … Read more

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis- Definition, Principle, Parts, Steps, Applications

April 30, 2022January 2, 2022 by Sagar Aryal
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

What is Agarose Gel Electrophoresis? Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method of gel electrophoresis used in biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and clinical chemistry to separate a mixed population of macromolecules such as DNA , RNA or proteins in … Read more

DNA Methylation- Definition, Principle, Significance, Control

September 5, 2022January 2, 2022 by Yashaswi Sharma

DNA Methylation Definition DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. It is an epigenetic mechanism that occurs by the addition of a methyl (-CH3) group to DNA, … Read more

Protein Synthesis (Translation)- Definition, Enzymes, Steps, Inhibitors

March 4, 2022October 8, 2021 by Faith Mokobi
Translation (Protein Synthesis)

What is Protein Synthesis? Protein Synthesis is a process of synthesizing proteins in a chain of amino acids known as polypeptides. It is the second part of the central dogma … Read more

Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes- Definition, Enzymes and Process

March 4, 2022September 23, 2021 by Sagar Aryal
Translation in Eukaryotes

Protein Synthesis involves translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. It is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins … Read more

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