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Molecular Biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that deals with the composition, structure, and function of cellular molecules like proteins and nucleic acids essential for the cellular functions and mechanisms.

  • Molecular biology is primarily focused on nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, their structure, composition, expression, and interactions among themselves.
  • Molecular biology is slowly becoming an important area of research with the discovery that nucleic acids and other biomolecules play a vital role in the normal functioning of the body.
  • Molecular biology developed as a separate discipline from other branches like biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics.
  • Over the years, many techniques have been developed in molecular biology; however, researchers tend to use methods and techniques native to genetics.
  • Common techniques used in molecular biology include X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of nucleic acids.
  • The discipline focuses on the molecular mechanism of genetic processes so that genes can be used for genetic engineering to isolate, modify, and sequence genes.
  • Initial studies in molecular biology were involved in the determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins in order to understand their structure and mechanism of action and expression.
  • Initial studies in molecular biology were based on the rapid growth and readily manipulable genetics of simple bacteria, such as E. coli, and their viruses. 
  • More recently, not only the fundamental principles but also many of the experimental approaches first developed in prokaryotes have been successfully applied to eukaryotic cells. 
  • Current advances in recombinant DNA technology have made even the determination of the complete sequence of the human genome a feasible project.
  • Complete genome sequencing of various living beings, including humans, has been done with modern approaches like DNA sequencing techniques and PCR.
  • Studies of molecular biology have also been applied in clinical research and medical therapies, both of which are covered under gene therapy.
  • Molecular biology also plays a vital role in studies related to regulations of various parts of a cell, which can then be used to target new drugs and diagnose diseases efficiently.

Cloning Vectors- Definition, Characteristics, Types, Uses

January 6, 2022September 12, 2021 by Sagar Aryal
Cloning Vectors

Genetic vectors are vehicles for delivering foreign DNA into recipient cells. In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, … Read more

Northern Blot- Definition, Principle, Steps, Results, Applications

January 13, 2023June 4, 2021 by Anupama Sapkota
Northern Blot

Northern blot is a technique based on the principle of blotting for the analysis of specific RNA in a complex mixture. Principle of Northern Blot Requirements Equipment Materials Procedure/Steps of … Read more

Southern Blot- Definition, Principle, Steps, Results, Applications

June 4, 2021June 3, 2021 by Anupama Sapkota
Southern Blot

Southern Blot Definition Southern blot is the process of transfer of DNA fragments that are separated by electrophoresis onto a membrane for immobilization and identification. Southern blotting has been adopted … Read more

Bacterial Transformation- definition, principle, steps, examples

July 27, 2021May 19, 2021 by Anupama Sapkota
Bacterial Transformation

Bacterial Transformation Definition Bacterial transformation is the transfer of free DNA released from a donor bacterium into the extracellular environment that results in assimilation and usually an expression of the … Read more

Recombinant DNA Technology- Definition, Steps, Applications

January 15, 2023May 19, 2021 by Sagar Aryal
Recombinant DNA technology

Steps of Genetic Recombination Technology Application of Recombinant DNA technology Limitations of Recombinant DNA technology References

Bacterial Transduction- Definition, Principle, Steps, Examples

May 1, 2022May 11, 2021 by Anupama Sapkota
Bacterial Transduction- Definition, Principle, Steps, Examples

Transduction Definition Transduction is the transfer of bacterial DNA from a donor to a recipient bacterium via a virus particle. The virus particle that infects bacteria is called a bacteriophage … Read more

Bacterial Conjugation- Definition, Principle, Process, Examples

July 27, 2021May 3, 2021 by Anupama Sapkota
Steps or Process of Bacterial Conjugation

Bacterial Conjugation Definition Conjugation is the transfer of a plasmid or other self-transmissible DNA element and sometimes chromosomal DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell via direct contact … Read more

What is Sensitivity, Specificity, False positive, False negative?

April 21, 2022April 18, 2021 by Faith Mokobi
What is Sensitivity, Specificity, False positive, False negative

These are terms that are fundamental to understanding the utility of clinical tests. They are the most essential variables when designing diagnostic tests, in determining how reliable the tests are … Read more

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