Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)
The main sites of entry for microbes into the body are through mucosal surfaces. Hence, the majority (>50%) of lymphoid tissue in the human body is located within the lining … Read more
Sagar Aryal, PhD
Habitat and Morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Habitat of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Human is only the natural host. Found in human urogenital tract. Rectal carriage in healthy individuals. Typically seen in pus cells (intracellular) Found intracellularly in polymorphonuclear … Read more
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)- Structure, Subclasses and Functions
Antibodies, or ‘immunoglobulins’, are glycoproteins that bind antigens with high specificity and affinity. In humans there are five chemically and physically distinct classes of antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE). … Read more
Active Immunization- Advantages and Drawbacks
What is Active Immunization? Immunization is the process whereby a person naturally acquires or is induced to acquire immunity or resistance to an infectious disease. An individual can acquire such immunity … Read more
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)- Structure, Subclasses and Functions
Antibodies, or ‘immunoglobulins’, are glycoproteins that bind antigens with high specificity and affinity. In humans there are five chemically and physically distinct classes of antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE). … Read more
Habitat and Morphology of Gardnerella vaginalis
Habitat of Gardnerella vaginalis Normal flora in 40% female (small amount) Found in urine Rarely in blood and wound Found in the anorectal flora of healthy adults of both sexes and … Read more
E. coli (Escherichia coli)- An Overview
Habitat of E. coli Morphology of E. coli Antigenic Structure H or Flagellar Antigen O or Somatic Antigen K or Capsular Antigen F or Fimbrial Antigen Cultural Characteristics of E. … Read more
Spleen: Definition, Structure and Functions
The spleen is a large, encapsulated, bean-shaped organ that is situated on the left side of the body below the diaphragm. The spleen contains T and B lymphocytes as well … Read more
Bacillus cereus- An Overview
Habitat of Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus is isolated from soil, vegetables, milk, cereals, spices, fried rice, cooked poultry and meats, soups, and desserts. It is also found in mashed potatoes, … Read more
Klebsiella pneumoniae- Lab Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
Laboratory Diagnosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae In the setting of pneumonia, infection with K. pneumoniae is confirmed by either sputum culture analysis, blood culture analysis or midstream urine depending upon the illness. … Read more