Sagar Aryal, PhD 
What is Active Immunization? Immunization is the process whereby a person naturally acquires or is induced to acquire immunity or resistance to an infectious disease. An individual can acquire such immunity … Read more
Antibodies, or ‘immunoglobulins’, are glycoproteins that bind antigens with high specificity and affinity. In humans there are five chemically and physically distinct classes of antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE). … Read more
Habitat of Gardnerella vaginalis Normal flora in 40% female (small amount) Found in urine Rarely in blood and wound Found in the anorectal flora of healthy adults of both sexes and … Read more
Habitat of E. coli Morphology of E. coli Antigenic Structure H or Flagellar Antigen O or Somatic Antigen K or Capsular Antigen F or Fimbrial Antigen Cultural Characteristics of E. … Read more
The spleen is a large, encapsulated, bean-shaped organ that is situated on the left side of the body below the diaphragm. The spleen contains T and B lymphocytes as well … Read more
Habitat of Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus is isolated from soil, vegetables, milk, cereals, spices, fried rice, cooked poultry and meats, soups, and desserts. It is also found in mashed potatoes, … Read more
Laboratory Diagnosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae In the setting of pneumonia, infection with K. pneumoniae is confirmed by either sputum culture analysis, blood culture analysis or midstream urine depending upon the illness. … Read more
Image Source: Microbe-Canvas Some of the characteristics are as follows: Basic Characteristics Properties (Fusobacterium necrophorum) Bile Growth Variable Capsule Negative (-ve) Catalase Negative (-ve) Flagella Negative (-ve) Gas Positive (+ve) … Read more
Enzyme velocity Substrate and enzyme concentration The Michaelis–Menten model The Michaelis–Menten equation: where, Km = (k2 + k3)/k1 and Vmax is the maximum velocity. The Michaelis constant, Km, is equal … Read more
They are also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS) or Group A (beta-hemolytic) Streptococcus (GABHS). Habitat of Streptococcus pyogenes They are found in the throat and skin of humans. They are commensals … Read more
