Sagar Aryal, PhD 
Amino acids constitute a group of neutral products clearly distinguished from other natural compounds chemically, mainly because of their ampholytic properties, and biochemically, mainly because of their role as protein … Read more
The production of exact copies of a particular gene or DNA sequence using genetic engineering techniques is called gene cloning. The term “gene cloning,” “DNA cloning,” “molecular cloning,” and “recombinant DNA technology” … Read more
The innate immune system provides the first line of host defense against microbes, before adaptive immune responses have had sufficient time to develop. The mechanisms of innate immunity exist before … Read more
Principle of Immunoelectrophoresis When an electric current is applied to a slide layered with gel, the antigen mixture placed in wells is separated into individual antigen components according to their … Read more
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an ubiquitous, Gram-positive and sporulating bacterium that synthesizes insecticidal proteins with specificity against a wide range of insects during sporulation (Cry and Cyt) and vegetative growth (Vip … Read more
Immuno-diffusion is a technique for the detection or measurement of antibodies and antigens by their precipitation which involves diffusion through a substance such as agar or gel agarose. Simply, it … Read more
Interactions of antibodies and antigens, in the form of various tests, have been developed to determine the presence or absence of antibodies or antigens in a sample. A type of … Read more
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) Definition Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is one of the 5 classes of immunoglobulins, which is defined by the presence of epsilon (ε) heavy chain. It is present in … Read more
Before a microbe or parasite can invade the host and cause infection, it must first attach to and penetrate the surface epithelial layers of the body. Organisms gain entrance into … Read more
Image Source: CDC and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Disease Caused Mode of Transmission The infections are primarily acquired through consumption of fecally contaminated food or water. Person-to-person … Read more
