Rashal Shakya 
Whole genome duplication, or polyploidy, is a product of non-disjunction during meiosis, which results in additional copies of the entire genome. The process might be evolutionarily beneficial for the organism or … Read more
In nature, distinguishing oneself from others can be vital for survival. Tiny bacteria have evolved to do just that. They live in groups called biofilms, which protect them from external … Read more
Vaccines are substances that train or activate the immune system to fight against a certain disease against which it has not previously come into contact. Vaccine production is a difficult … Read more
Plants are a source of numerous medicinal bioactive compounds. Most of the time, these bioactive compounds are produced by the plant itself. In recent years, it has been discovered that … Read more
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dementia that typically initiates with subtle and poorly recognized failure of memory. This becomes more intense and eventually leads to … Read more
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in a portion of the brain to weaken, become disrupted, and die. This leads to difficulty in movement, … Read more
Sickle cell anemia, or sickle cell disease (SCD), is an inherited disorder that causes malfunction of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells (RBCs). The disease progresses … Read more
Down syndrome or Down’s syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21, also named trisomy 21. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about … Read more
Human sex is determined by a pair of sex chromosomes, the X and Y chromosomes. These sex chromosomes form one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes in each cell. … Read more
The central dogma dictates that the information flows from genomic DNA to mRNA transcripts to proteins. The proteins, more specifically enzymes, are then integrated into metabolic pathways, influencing the concentration … Read more
