Skip to content
Microbe Notes

Microbe Notes

  • Home
  • All Notes
  • Category Wise Notes
  • Microorganisms Note
  • Microbiology Terms
  • A Level Biology

Molecular Biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that deals with the composition, structure, and function of cellular molecules like proteins and nucleic acids essential for the cellular functions and mechanisms.

  • Molecular biology is primarily focused on nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, their structure, composition, expression, and interactions among themselves.
  • Molecular biology is slowly becoming an important area of research with the discovery that nucleic acids and other biomolecules play a vital role in the normal functioning of the body.
  • Molecular biology developed as a separate discipline from other branches like biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics.
  • Over the years, many techniques have been developed in molecular biology; however, researchers tend to use methods and techniques native to genetics.
  • Common techniques used in molecular biology include X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of nucleic acids.
  • The discipline focuses on the molecular mechanism of genetic processes so that genes can be used for genetic engineering to isolate, modify, and sequence genes.
  • Initial studies in molecular biology were involved in the determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins in order to understand their structure and mechanism of action and expression.
  • Initial studies in molecular biology were based on the rapid growth and readily manipulable genetics of simple bacteria, such as E. coli, and their viruses. 
  • More recently, not only the fundamental principles but also many of the experimental approaches first developed in prokaryotes have been successfully applied to eukaryotic cells. 
  • Current advances in recombinant DNA technology have made even the determination of the complete sequence of the human genome a feasible project.
  • Complete genome sequencing of various living beings, including humans, has been done with modern approaches like DNA sequencing techniques and PCR.
  • Studies of molecular biology have also been applied in clinical research and medical therapies, both of which are covered under gene therapy.
  • Molecular biology also plays a vital role in studies related to regulations of various parts of a cell, which can then be used to target new drugs and diagnose diseases efficiently.

Bacterial Conjugation- Definition, Principle, Process, Examples

August 8, 2025August 2, 2025 by Anupama Sapkota
Steps or Process of Bacterial Conjugation

Bacterial Conjugation Definition Conjugation is the transfer of a plasmid or other self-transmissible DNA element and sometimes chromosomal DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell via direct contact … Read more

PCR Machine: Principle, Parts, Steps, Types, Uses, Examples

August 8, 2025July 12, 2025 by Prakriti Karki
PCR Machine

PCR machine is also known as thermal cyclers or DNA amplifiers, or thermocyclers. PCR machines amplify small segments of DNA or RNA chosen from the genome with a primer. It … Read more

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): Definition, Types

July 11, 2025June 19, 2025 by Sagar Aryal, PhD
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a robust platform that has enabled the sequencing of thousands to millions of DNA molecules simultaneously. Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing, is … Read more

Proteomic Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Methods, Uses

June 3, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Proteomic Sequencing

Proteomic sequencing is a method that is used to study and characterize proteins in a biological sample. It is a process of identifying the exact order of amino acids in … Read more

Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Uses

June 3, 2025June 2, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) Sequencing

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) sequencing is a method that sequences the tumor-derived ctDNA fragments circulating in the bloodstream. ctDNA levels are associated with tumor size, stage, type, treatment response, and … Read more

CLIP-Seq: Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation Sequencing

June 1, 2025June 1, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (CLIP-seq)

CLIP-seq is a method used to study RNA molecules and their interactions with associated proteins in cells. This method is used to map RNA-protein interactions which is useful for studying … Read more

Transposase-Based Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Methods, Uses

May 30, 2025May 29, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Transposase-Based Sequencing

Transposase-based sequencing is a method that uses enzymes called transposase for library preparation that can fragment DNA and insert specific sequencing adapters into DNA fragments at the same time. This … Read more

Fluorescent in situ sequencing (FISSEQ): Principle, Steps, Uses

June 3, 2025May 17, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Fluorescent in situ sequencing (FISSEQ)

Fluorescent in situ sequencing (FISSEQ) is a method that is used to precisely locate and sequence multiple RNA molecules within intact cells and tissues. This method sequences RNA directly inside … Read more

Ribosome Sequencing (Ribo-Seq): Ribosome Profiling

May 22, 2025May 15, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Ribosome Sequencing (Ribosome Profiling)

Ribosome sequencing (Ribo-seq), also known as ribosome profiling, is a method that sequences ribosome-protected mRNA fragments to monitor the process of translation. Ribo-seq is also known as active mRNA translation … Read more

ATAC-Seq: Principle, Steps, and Applications with Diagram

April 30, 2025April 15, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
ATAC Sequencing

ATAC-Seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using Sequencing) is a method used to study chromatin accessibility and gene regulation. This method identifies open chromatin regions where regulatory proteins can bind, providing … Read more

Older posts
Page1 Page2 … Page11 Next →

Topics / Categories

  • Agricultural Microbiology (30)
  • Bacteriology (123)
  • Basic Microbiology (63)
  • Biochemical Test (114)
  • Biochemistry (171)
  • Bioinformatics (22)
  • Biology (135)
  • Biotechnology (34)
  • Botany (92)
  • Cell Biology (107)
  • Culture Media (67)
  • Difference Between (88)
  • Diseases (49)
  • Environmental Microbiology (11)
  • Epidemiology (28)
  • Food Microbiology (52)
  • Genetics (80)
  • Human Anatomy and Physiology (75)
  • Immunology (115)
  • Instrumentation (65)
  • Microscopy (31)
  • Molecular Biology (105)
  • Mycology (33)
  • Parasitology (28)
  • Pharmacology (14)
  • Phycology (2)
  • Protocols (9)
  • Research Methodology (20)
  • Staining (29)
  • Syllabus (20)
  • Virology (52)
  • Zoology (39)
  • Algae: Characteristics, Classes, Structure, Reproduction, Importance
  • pBR322 Vector: Structure, Sites, Applications
  • Enterobacteriaceae: Characteristics, Identification
  • Spoilage of sugar and sugar products and their preservations
  • Opsonization: Definition, Mechanism, Opsonins, Examples
  • Our Team
  • Advisory Board
  • About Us
  • Contact Us
  • Privacy Policy
  • Cookie Policy
  • Disclaimer (Terms and Conditions)
© 2025 Microbe Notes. Made with ♡ by Sagar Aryal.