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Molecular Biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that deals with the composition, structure, and function of cellular molecules like proteins and nucleic acids essential for the cellular functions and mechanisms.

  • Molecular biology is primarily focused on nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, their structure, composition, expression, and interactions among themselves.
  • Molecular biology is slowly becoming an important area of research with the discovery that nucleic acids and other biomolecules play a vital role in the normal functioning of the body.
  • Molecular biology developed as a separate discipline from other branches like biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics.
  • Over the years, many techniques have been developed in molecular biology; however, researchers tend to use methods and techniques native to genetics.
  • Common techniques used in molecular biology include X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of nucleic acids.
  • The discipline focuses on the molecular mechanism of genetic processes so that genes can be used for genetic engineering to isolate, modify, and sequence genes.
  • Initial studies in molecular biology were involved in the determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins in order to understand their structure and mechanism of action and expression.
  • Initial studies in molecular biology were based on the rapid growth and readily manipulable genetics of simple bacteria, such as E. coli, and their viruses. 
  • More recently, not only the fundamental principles but also many of the experimental approaches first developed in prokaryotes have been successfully applied to eukaryotic cells. 
  • Current advances in recombinant DNA technology have made even the determination of the complete sequence of the human genome a feasible project.
  • Complete genome sequencing of various living beings, including humans, has been done with modern approaches like DNA sequencing techniques and PCR.
  • Studies of molecular biology have also been applied in clinical research and medical therapies, both of which are covered under gene therapy.
  • Molecular biology also plays a vital role in studies related to regulations of various parts of a cell, which can then be used to target new drugs and diagnose diseases efficiently.

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): Definition, Types

July 11, 2025June 19, 2025 by Sagar Aryal, PhD
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a robust platform that has enabled the sequencing of thousands to millions of DNA molecules simultaneously. Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing, is … Read more

Proteomic Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Methods, Uses

June 3, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Proteomic Sequencing

Proteomic sequencing is a method that is used to study and characterize proteins in a biological sample. It is a process of identifying the exact order of amino acids in … Read more

Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Uses

June 3, 2025June 2, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) Sequencing

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) sequencing is a method that sequences the tumor-derived ctDNA fragments circulating in the bloodstream. ctDNA levels are associated with tumor size, stage, type, treatment response, and … Read more

CLIP-Seq: Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation Sequencing

June 1, 2025June 1, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (CLIP-seq)

CLIP-seq is a method used to study RNA molecules and their interactions with associated proteins in cells. This method is used to map RNA-protein interactions which is useful for studying … Read more

Transposase-Based Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Methods, Uses

May 30, 2025May 29, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Transposase-Based Sequencing

Transposase-based sequencing is a method that uses enzymes called transposase for library preparation that can fragment DNA and insert specific sequencing adapters into DNA fragments at the same time. This … Read more

Fluorescent in situ sequencing (FISSEQ): Principle, Steps, Uses

June 3, 2025May 17, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Fluorescent in situ sequencing (FISSEQ)

Fluorescent in situ sequencing (FISSEQ) is a method that is used to precisely locate and sequence multiple RNA molecules within intact cells and tissues. This method sequences RNA directly inside … Read more

Ribosome Sequencing (Ribo-Seq): Ribosome Profiling

May 22, 2025May 15, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Ribosome Sequencing (Ribosome Profiling)

Ribosome sequencing (Ribo-seq), also known as ribosome profiling, is a method that sequences ribosome-protected mRNA fragments to monitor the process of translation. Ribo-seq is also known as active mRNA translation … Read more

ATAC-Seq: Principle, Steps, and Applications with Diagram

April 30, 2025April 15, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
ATAC Sequencing

ATAC-Seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using Sequencing) is a method used to study chromatin accessibility and gene regulation. This method identifies open chromatin regions where regulatory proteins can bind, providing … Read more

Hi-C Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Process, Uses

April 27, 2025April 13, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Hi-C Sequencing

Hi-C sequencing is a next-generation sequencing (NGS) method used to study the three-dimensional (3D) structure of genomes by studying the arrangement and interactions of chromatin within the nucleus. This is … Read more

Short-Read Sequencing: Principle, Process, Examples, Uses

April 24, 2025April 11, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Short-Read Sequencing

Short-read sequencing is a widely used next-generation sequencing (NGS) method that generates and sequences short DNA fragments, usually between 50 and 300 base pairs at a time. It is a … Read more

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