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Human Anatomy and Physiology

Human anatomy is the science that deals with the physical morphology and structure of the human body.

Human anatomy is further divided into two groups; gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy involves study related to anatomical structures that can be seen with unaided eyes, while microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures, histology, and cytology.
Humans belong to the Subphylum Vertebrate of the Phylum Chordata as they have the characteristic internal skeleton with a backbone of vertebrae.
Other typical mammalian structures in humans include hair, mammary glands, and highly developed sense organs.
Besides, among mammals, humans have a predominantly two-legged (bipedal) posture, along with a highly developed intellectual.
The chemical composition of the human body is composed of water and organic compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
The human body is composed of specialized systems for different purposes; the digestive system for digestion, the respiratory system for respiration, the reproductive system for reproduction, and the skeletal and muscular system for movement.
Cells are the fundamental units of the human body consisting of trillions of cells in the body. The cells together form tissues.
Four basic types of tissues are found in humans, each of which is specialized for a particular purpose; epithelial tissue for covering the body, muscular tissue for movement, nerve tissues for signaling, and connective tissue for transport of nutrients.
The following organization of the human body is organs. An organ is composed of a group of specialized tissues from a structural and functional unit.
Organs are followed by the system as the final organization of the human body. The body includes nine major organ systems, each composed of various organs and tissues that work together as a functional unit.
Information on human anatomy is essential during the analysis of signs of symptoms of different diseases and disease diagnoses.
It also allows an understanding of the relationship between different organ systems and the changes occurring in the body’s anatomy during growth.

Human physiology is a branch of natural science that deals with the functioning of the human body.

It includes various physiological activities like digestion, respiration, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and excretion, all of which occur in a coordinated way between various organs and systems.
Physiology includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functioning of a healthy human body.
A normal human body works as a result of the regulated system of networking between different systems. These interactions work towards maintaining homeostasis.
The concept of homeostasis is important in human physiology as it explains that the internal environment of an organism moves in a direction to maintain an equilibrium.
In the human body, homeostasis is maintained at the system level with each system trying to maintain its homeostasis.
Human physiology, like human anatomy, describes the mechanisms from the molecular to the cellular level, integrating the working of the entire body.
Based on the information obtained via studies done on human physiology, it is understood that the cells, tissues, organs, and systems together work to maintain a healthy human body.
Besides, certain compounds or chemicals produced in the body like enzymes and hormones also aid in the process of human physiology.
A slight change in the working of a single organ in the body might affect the working of the entire body overall.
Human physiology is closely related to human anatomy where the anatomy of an organ or tissue plays a significant role in the physiology of the said organ or tissue.
Human physiology is also interrelated with clinical medicine and microbiology where different microorganisms found within the body aid in different processes like bacteria in the gut producing acid and other enzymes that aid in digestion.
During the life cycle of humans, the body undergoes multiple changes which are influenced by changes in anatomy and changes in environmental factors.  The physiology of the body thus adapts to such changes to maintain homeostasis.

Sarcomere: Structure, Function & Role in Muscle Contraction

April 9, 2025April 4, 2025 by Prashant Dahal
Structure of Sarcomere

Sarcomeres are the basic contractile units of striated muscle cells. A sarcomere is a highly organized structure made up of thick and thin protein filaments; mainly of actin and myosin … Read more

Hemoglobin Explained: Key Types, Functions & Disorders

April 9, 2025February 1, 2025 by Prashant Dahal
Structure of Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a complex iron-containing protein found in erythrocytes (red blood cells) of most vertebrates that plays a vital role in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide within the blood. It … Read more

Pancreas: Structure, Hormones, Functions & Disorders

December 28, 2024November 4, 2024 by Anupama Sapkota
Pancreas

The pancreas is a complex organ consisting of both exocrine and endocrine areas where the endocrine part is composed of discrete islets of Langerhans that secrete numerous hormones. Structure of … Read more

Week-by-Week Pregnancy: Baby Development & Body Changes

December 28, 2024October 25, 2024 by Anupama Sapkota
Week by week pregnancy

Disclaimer: The information presented on the website is for academic, study, and general information purposes only. The information and tips presented on the website must not be used for the … Read more

Integumentary System: Organs, Functions & Common Diseases

December 28, 2024October 16, 2024 by Anupama Sapkota
Integumentary System

Integumentary System definition The integumentary system is a system comprised of organs that are the outermost protective covering of the animal body, the skin, and its various derivatives. The integumentary … Read more

Arteries: Structure, Types, Functions & Common Diseases

December 28, 2024September 30, 2024 by Prashant Dahal
Arteries

Arteries are the elastic, muscular tubes (blood vessels) responsible for carrying the blood away from the heart and distributing it to several other organs and tissues. Simply, the blood vessels … Read more

Electrocardiogram (ECG): Understanding Heart’s Electrical Activity

December 28, 2024September 29, 2024 by Prashant Dahal
Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Electrocardiogram, commonly known as ECG or EKG is a medical test report indicating the heart’s electrical activity and rhythm during repeated cardiac cycles. It is printed on grid paper called … Read more

Female Reproductive System: Organs, Structure & Functions

December 25, 2024September 11, 2024 by Anupama Sapkota
Female Reproductive System

Disclaimer: The information and images presented on this page are for academic, study, and educational purposes only. The terms, keywords, and images used on this page may not be suitable … Read more

Sagittal Plane: Definition, Regions, Movement, Applications

May 20, 2024 by Agrani Paudel
Sagittal Plane

The movement of our body occurs in three different anatomical planes of motion: coronal, sagittal, and transverse. The three planes of the body can be briefly discussed below: Coronal (frontal … Read more

Depolarization: Definition, Mechanism, vs. Repolarization

April 30, 2024 by Agrani Paudel
Depolarization

Cell-cell communication is a crucial part of biological systems. Among various ways of cell communication, communication through electrical signals is of great significance where depolarization plays an important role in … Read more

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