Sagar Aryal, PhD

Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. He completed his Ph.D. degree in Microbiology from the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal in 2025. He was awarded the DAAD Research Grant to conduct part of his Ph.D. research work for two years (2019-2021) at Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. Sagar is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. He is the Research Head of the Department of Natural Products, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences (KRIBS), Lalitpur, Nepal. Sagar has more than 15 years of experience in blogging, content writing, and SEO. Sagar was awarded the SfAM Communications Award 2015: Professional Communicator Category from the Society for Applied Microbiology (Now: Applied Microbiology International), Cambridge, United Kingdom (UK). Sagar is also the ASM Young Ambassador to Nepal for the American Society for Microbiology since 2023 onwards.

Epsilometer Test (E-test): Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses

July 19, 2026July 4, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

The E-test (Epsilometer test) is an “exponential gradient” method used to determine antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms. It is a cost-effective tool that has been developed to provide a direct quantification … Read more

Scope and Applications of Microbiology in 2026

July 20, 2026June 14, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth which includes humans, animals, plants and other living creatures, soil, water and atmosphere. Microbes can multiply in all three habitats except in the atmosphere. … Read more

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

July 20, 2026June 8, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Assuming certain conditions, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium thus proposes that allelic frequency of a population will stay stable over time. Conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg population The Equation Mathematically, If there is … Read more

DNA Fingerprinting: Principle, Methods, Applications

July 20, 2026June 5, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Principle of DNA Fingerprinting Methods of DNA Fingerprinting Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of short tandem repeats (STRs) are two main DNA tests widely used … Read more

Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2025-2027

July 4, 2026May 28, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Cambridge AS and A Level Biology Syllabus

Cambridge International AS & A Level Biology develops a set of transferable skills, including data handling, practical problem-solving, and the application of the scientific method. Learners develop relevant attitudes, such … Read more

Classification of Bacteria on the basis of Nutrition

May 28, 2026May 23, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Nutritional Types of Bacteria On the basis of energy source, organisms are designated as: Phototrophs: Chemotrophs: On the basis of the electron source, organisms are designated as: Lithotrophs: Organotrophs: Thus, … Read more

Immunoglobulin G (IgG): Structure, Subclasses and Functions

May 10, 2026May 9, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Structure of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) IgG Subclasses IgG1 It comprises 60 to 65% of the total main subclass IgG, and predominantly responsible for the thymus-mediated immune response against proteins and polypeptide … Read more

Hantavirus: Structure, Replication, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention

May 10, 2026May 8, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Hantavirus is a rodent-borne zoonotic virus that causes severe human illnesses, primarily hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Structure of Hantavirus Genome of Hantavirus Epidemiology and … Read more

Optimisation of bacterial growth analysis through microplate readers

January 21, 2026January 2, 2026 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

In microbiology, the precise quantification of bacterial growth forms the basis for numerous areas of research – from basic research and pharmacology to food microbiology. While traditional measurement in cuvette … Read more

NEET Biology Syllabus 2026 with Study Notes

December 29, 2025December 23, 2025 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

The National Testing Agency (NTA) has been conducting the NEET (UG) since 2019 with the approval of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in … Read more