NEET Biology Syllabus 2026 with Study Notes
The National Testing Agency (NTA) has been conducting the NEET (UG) since 2019 with the approval of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in … Read more
Sagar Aryal, PhD
Real-Time PCR (qPCR): Principle, Process, Markers, Uses
Real-Time PCR is a technique used to monitor the progress of a PCR reaction in real-time. At the same time, a relatively small amount of PCR product (DNA, cDNA or … Read more
McFarland Standards: Principle, Preparation, Uses, Limitations
What is McFarland Standards? McFarland Standards are used as the reference in order to adjust the turbidity of the liquid/ bacterial suspension in the vial or tube in the microbiology … Read more
Types of antigen on the basis of source and immune response
On basis of Source/Origin Exogenous antigens: These are antigens which are foreign to host body hence are also called foreign antigens. These are antigens that enters the body of the organism … Read more
Biochemical Test of Streptococcus mutans
Biochemical Test of Streptococcus mutans Basic Characteristics Properties (Streptococcus mutans) Capsule Capsulated Catalase Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Positive (+ve) Hemolysis Alfa Hemolysis Motility Non-motile OF (Oxidative-Fermentative) Facultative anaerobes Oxidase Negative … Read more
Biochemical Test of Streptococcus agalactiae
Biochemical Test of Streptococcus agalactiae Basic Characteristics Properties (Streptococcus agalactiae) CAMP Positive (+ve) Capsule Positive (+ve) Catalase Negative (-ve) Coagulase Negative (-ve) Flagella Non-flagellated Gram Staining Positive (+ve) Hemolysis Beta … Read more
Hemolysis of Streptococci- Types and Examples with Images
Introduction A genus Streptococcus is a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria. Various streptococci are considered as the normal microbial flora of animals and humans, while some species under favorable conditions … Read more
Lassa Virus- An Overview
Structure of Lassa Virus The virus is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the virus family Arenaviridae. Figure: Structure of Lassa Virus, Source: Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics The virion is spherical … Read more
Biochemical Test of Yersinia pestis
Biochemical Test of Yersinia pestis Basic Characteristics Properties (Yersinia pestis) Capsule Positive (+ve) Catalase Positive (+ve) Citrate Negative (-ve) Flagella Non-Flagellated Gas Negative (-ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Negative (-ve) Gram Staining … Read more
Biochemical Test of Enterobacter cloacae
Biochemical Test of Enterobacter cloacae ÂBasic Characteristics Properties (Enterobacter cloacae) Capsule Negative (-ve) Catalase Positive (+ve) Citrate Positive (+ve) Flagella Positive (+ve) Gas from glucose Positive (+ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Negative … Read more