Sagar Aryal, PhD 
Pathogenesis of Treponema pallidum The two major routes of transmission of Treponema pallidum are sexual and transplacental. Sexual exposure to a person who has an active syphilitic chancre carries a … Read more
X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV, produced … Read more
Structure of Rotavirus The name rotavirus is derived from the Latin word rota, meaning “wheel,” which refers to the virion’s appearance in negative-stained electron micrographs. Rotavirus falls under Reoviridae family … Read more
What is UV Spectroscopy? Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample move from one energy … Read more
Some of the differences are: S.N. Characteristics Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity 1. Synonyms Nonspecific, natural immunity Specific, acquired immunity 2. Definition The defense mechanisms that are non-antigen specific and immediately … Read more
Objectives of Methyl Red (MR) Test To differentiate two major types of facultative anaerobic enteric bacteria based on the production of acid. It identifies bacterial ability to produce stable acid end … Read more
Differences between Cytokines and Chemokines Here are some differences: S.N. Characteristics Cytokines Chemokines 1. Definition Small proteins produced dominantly by immune cells which are important in cell signaling. Specific cytokines … Read more
Objectives of MRS Broth Test It is used for the cultivation and enumeration of lactobacilli in a laboratory setting To determine the ability of organism to form gas during glucose fermentation … Read more
Gamma rays are an ultrahigh-frequency of light that is emitted by radioactive elements, energetic celestial bodies such as black holes and neutron stars, and high energy events such as nuclear … Read more
Image Source: Pinterest. Here are some differences: S.N. Characteristics Humoral Immunity Cell-mediated Immunity 1. Definition The immunity mediated by macromolecules found in the extracellular body fluids is called humoral immunity. … Read more
