Sagar Aryal, PhD 
What is Milk Pasteurization? There is a general and urgent need for rapid procedures, applicable to process control, to monitor food safety and quality. Pasteurization is a process in which certain … Read more
Vacuoles Definition A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle that is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells. The most conspicuous compartment in most … Read more
Solid State Fermentation (SSF) is a fermentation method used by several industries like the pharmaceuticals, food, textile etc., to produce metabolites of microorganisms using solid support in place of the liquid … Read more
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) are a heterogeneous collection of strains characterized by their autoagglutination in a “stacked-brick” arrangement over the epithelium of the small intestine and, in some cases, the … Read more
Aseptic technique is a set of routine measures that are taken to prevent cultures, sterile media stocks, and other solutions from being contaminated by unwanted microorganisms (i.e., sepsis). While such … Read more
Studies involving the analysis of materials including food, water, milk, and, in some cases, air require quantitative enumeration of microorganisms in the substances. Many methods have been devised to accomplish … Read more
Biopreservation is the process of preserving the integrity and functionality of cells. Most bacteriological laboratories maintain stock cultures of microorganisms for educational, research, bioassay, industrial, or other purposes. A wide … Read more
Bacterial systematics has undergone several changes and is continuously in a state of flux as our knowledge of microorganisms is far from complete and new information is being added every … Read more
Nutritional Types of Bacteria On the basis of energy source organisms are designated as: Phototrophs: Chemotrophs: On the basis of electron source organisms are designated as: Lithotrophs: Organotrophs: Thus, bacteria … Read more
Structure of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) They are enveloped viruses with round and sometimes pleiomorphic virions of approximately 80 to 120 nm in diameter. It contains positive-strand RNA, with … Read more
