Sagar Aryal, PhD 
Basic Characteristics Properties ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae) Capsule Negative (-ve) Catalase Positive (+ve) Gas Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Negative (-ve) H2S Negative (-ve) Hemolysis Negative (-ve) Nitrate Reduction Negative (-ve) Oxidase … Read more
Laboratory diagnosis of Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum Specimen Samples collected from ulcers and lesions should not be contaminated with blood, microorganisms, or tissue debris. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) samples … Read more
Micropropagation is the rapid vegetative propagation of plants under in vitro conditions of high light intensity, controlled temperature, and a defined nutrient medium. Stages of Micropropagation Micropropagation is a complicated … Read more
Types of Microbial Interaction 1. Mutualism Examples of mutualism: Lichens: Lichens are an excellent example of mutualism. They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In … Read more
What is Milk Pasteurization? There is a general and urgent need for rapid procedures, applicable to process control, to monitor food safety and quality. Pasteurization is a process in which certain … Read more
Vacuoles Definition A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle that is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells. The most conspicuous compartment in most … Read more
Solid State Fermentation (SSF) is a fermentation method used by several industries like the pharmaceuticals, food, textile etc., to produce metabolites of microorganisms using solid support in place of the liquid … Read more
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) are a heterogeneous collection of strains characterized by their autoagglutination in a “stacked-brick” arrangement over the epithelium of the small intestine and, in some cases, the … Read more
Aseptic technique is a set of routine measures that are taken to prevent cultures, sterile media stocks, and other solutions from being contaminated by unwanted microorganisms (i.e., sepsis). While such … Read more
Studies involving the analysis of materials including food, water, milk, and, in some cases, air require quantitative enumeration of microorganisms in the substances. Many methods have been devised to accomplish … Read more
