Sagar Aryal, PhD

Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. He completed his Ph.D. degree in Microbiology from the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal in 2025. He was awarded the DAAD Research Grant to conduct part of his Ph.D. research work for two years (2019-2021) at Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. Sagar is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. He is the Research Head of the Department of Natural Products, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences (KRIBS), Lalitpur, Nepal. Sagar has more than 15 years of experience in blogging, content writing, and SEO. Sagar was awarded the SfAM Communications Award 2015: Professional Communicator Category from the Society for Applied Microbiology (Now: Applied Microbiology International), Cambridge, United Kingdom (UK). Sagar is also the ASM Young Ambassador to Nepal for the American Society for Microbiology since 2023 onwards.

Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)

January 13, 2023April 2, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Image Source: https://orbitbiotech.com and https://en.wikibooks.org Structure of Yeast Artificial Chromosomes A yeast artificial chromosome cloning vector consists of two copies of a yeast telomeric sequence (telomeres are the sequences at the ends … Read more

Viruses- Structure, Replication and Diagnosis

September 20, 2022April 1, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Structure of Virus LIPID ENVELOPE Usually formed from a lipid bilayer taken from their host, into which the virus inserts its own glycoproteins (enveloped virus). Not all viruses have envelopes … Read more

Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Rickettsia rickettsii

September 20, 2022March 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Laboratory diagnosis of Rickettsia rickettsii Specimen: Skin biopsies, serum Direct detection method Although Rickettsiae stain poorly with Gram stain, they can be stained with Giemsa or Gimenez stains. Direct detection of … Read more

Biochemical Test of Enterococcus faecalis

September 5, 2022March 28, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Basic Characteristics Properties (Enterococcus faecalis ) Bile Resistance Resistance to 40% (v/v) bile Capsule Negative (-ve) Catalase Negative (-ve) Citrate Negative (-ve) Flagella Negative (-ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Variable Gram Staining … Read more

Antigen vs Antibody- Definition and 12 Major Differences

September 20, 2022March 26, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Differences between antigen and antibody Antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to antigens (material perceived as foreign). The antibody response to a particular antigen is highly specific … Read more

Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Mycobacterium leprae

September 20, 2022March 25, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium leprae M. leprae is an acid-fast, gram-positive obligate intracellular bacillus that shows tropism for cells of the reticuloendothelial system and peripheral nervous system (notably Schwann cells). Organisms may … Read more

Biochemical Test of Clostridium difficile

September 20, 2022March 25, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Biochemical Test of Clostridium difficile Basic Characteristics Properties (Clostridium difficile) Capsule Capsulated Catalase Negative (-ve) Flagella Flagellated Gelatin Hydrolysis Positive (+ve) Gram Staining Positive (+ve) H2S Positive (+ve) Hemolysis Negative … Read more