Sagar Aryal, PhD

Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. He completed his Ph.D. degree in Microbiology from the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal in 2025. He was awarded the DAAD Research Grant to conduct part of his Ph.D. research work for two years (2019-2021) at Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. Sagar is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. He is the Research Head of the Department of Natural Products, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences (KRIBS), Lalitpur, Nepal. Sagar has more than 15 years of experience in blogging, content writing, and SEO. Sagar was awarded the SfAM Communications Award 2015: Professional Communicator Category from the Society for Applied Microbiology (Now: Applied Microbiology International), Cambridge, United Kingdom (UK). Sagar is also the ASM Young Ambassador to Nepal for the American Society for Microbiology since 2023 onwards.

Classical Pathway of Complement Activation

September 20, 2022March 18, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

The classical pathway is a chain of events in which complement components react in specific sequences as a cascade resulting in cell lysis. It is activated by antibody bound to … Read more

Biochemical Test of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus

January 13, 2023March 17, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Basic Characteristics Properties (Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus) Capsule Capsule like surface (S-layer) proteins Catalase Positive (+ve) Gram Staining Gram-negative KMnO4 Positive (+ve) H2S Negative (-ve) Hemolysis Negative (-ve) Motility Positive … Read more

Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of Leptospira interrogans

September 20, 2022March 15, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Pathogenesis of Leptospira interrogans Leptospires usually enter the body through the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract or the conjunctivae, or through abraded skin, following exposure to contaminated water, … Read more

Competitive ELISA Protocol and Animation

October 31, 2023March 14, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Competitive ELISA is a technique used to estimate antibodies present in a specimen, such as serum. Steps/Process of Competitive ELISA Competitive ELISA Results Advantages of Competitive ELISA Protocol of Competitive ELISA For most … Read more

Biochemical Test of Clostridium perfringens

September 5, 2022March 14, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Basic Characteristics Properties (Clostridium perfringens) 20% Bile Positive (+ve) Capsule Positive (+ve) Catalase Negative (-ve) Flagella Negative (-ve) Gas Positive (+ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Positive (+ve) Gram Staining Gram-positive Hemolysis Positive … Read more

Habitat and Morphology of Mycobacterium leprae

September 20, 2022March 13, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Habitat of Mycobacterium leprae They are found in soil, water and air. Found in the soils where the leprosy infected people live. Most of them are non-pathogenic and non-parasitic. Found … Read more

Darkfield Microscope- Definition, Principle, Uses, Diagram

May 27, 2022March 13, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

What is a Darkfield Microscope? Microbiology, the branch of science that has so vastly extended and expanded our knowledge of the living world, owes its existence to Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. … Read more

Phase Contrast Microscopy- Definition, Principle, Parts, Uses

May 27, 2022March 11, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

What is Phase-contrast microscopy? Unstained living cells absorb practically no light. Poor light absorption results in extremely small differences in the intensity distribution in the image. This makes the cells … Read more

Central Dogma: Replication, Transcription, Translation

April 18, 2026March 10, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

This explanation is the simplest way in which the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is interpreted. The Dogmas A. Three general transfers B. Three special transfers C. Three unknown transfers … Read more

Biochemical Test of Brucella melitensis

September 5, 2022March 9, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Basic Characteristics Properties (B. melitensis) Capsule Negative (-ve) Catalase Positive(+ve) Flagella Negative (-ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Gram Negative (-ve) H2S Negative (-ve) Hemolysis Negative (-ve) Indole Negative … Read more