Sagar Aryal, PhD

Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. He completed his Ph.D. degree in Microbiology from the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal in 2025. He was awarded the DAAD Research Grant to conduct part of his Ph.D. research work for two years (2019-2021) at Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. Sagar is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. He is the Research Head of the Department of Natural Products, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences (KRIBS), Lalitpur, Nepal. Sagar has more than 15 years of experience in blogging, content writing, and SEO. Sagar was awarded the SfAM Communications Award 2015: Professional Communicator Category from the Society for Applied Microbiology (Now: Applied Microbiology International), Cambridge, United Kingdom (UK). Sagar is also the ASM Young Ambassador to Nepal for the American Society for Microbiology since 2023 onwards.

Rabies Virus- An Overview

September 5, 2022January 13, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Structure of Rabies Virus The virus is enveloped, rod shaped particles measuring 75 × 180 nm. Mature virion appears either as bullet shaped particles with one rounded and one flattened end … Read more

Meningitis vs Encephalitis- Definition and 17 Differences

January 26, 2022January 13, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Differences between Meningitis and Encephalitis Meningitis and Encephalitis are the two main kinds of neurological conditions related to the brain and spinal cord, where the layer surrounding the brain or the brain itself … Read more

NMR Spectroscopy- Definition, Principle, Steps, Parts, Uses

August 3, 2023January 12, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

What is NMR? Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. It is a spectroscopy technique that … Read more

E. coli Pathotypes- ETEC, EPEC, EHEC, EAEC, EIEC, DAEC

January 13, 2023January 12, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Escherichia coli as Pathogens The effectiveness of E. coli as a pathogen is illustrated by the fact that: Pathotypes of E. coli Source: DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00022-13 A. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) B. … Read more

Chlamydia trachomatis- An Overview

February 22, 2022January 11, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Habitat of Chlamydia trachomatis It is an obligate intracellular human pathogens. Humans are the only natural host. It cannot survive outside of a eukaryotic host. Chlamydia trachomatis is transmitted by … Read more

Primary vs Secondary Immune Response- 12 Differences

May 29, 2022January 9, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Differences between Primary and Secondary Immune Response

In a primary immune response, naive B cells are stimulated by antigen, become activated, and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells that produce antibodies specific for the eliciting antigen. A secondary immune … Read more

Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test- Principle, Procedure, Results

January 27, 2022January 9, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Result Interpretation of Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test

Objective of Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test This test is used to differentiate gram-positive, catalase-positive cocci (micrococci from staphylococci). Principle of Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test … Read more

Gram-Positive vs Gram-Negative Bacteria- 31 Differences with Examples

January 10, 2022January 9, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Differences Between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria

Gram Positive vs Gram Negative Bacteria (31 Major Differences) S.N. Character Gram-Positive Bacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria 1. Gram Reaction Retain crystal violet dye and stain blue or purple on Gram’s … Read more

Neisseria meningitidis vs Neisseria gonorrhoeae- 32 Differences

March 23, 2022January 8, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Differences between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, are obligate human pathogens that cause distinctly different disease syndromes. They are both Gram negative diplococci, non-sporing, oxidase positive and difficult to differentiate on morphological and cultural characteristics. … Read more

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy- Definition, Principle, Parts, Uses

March 1, 2022January 8, 2022 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

What is Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy? Infrared (IR) spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy is an analytical technique that takes advantage of the vibrational transitions of a molecule. It is one of the … Read more