Prashant Dahal

Hemoglobin is a complex iron-containing protein found in erythrocytes (red blood cells) of most vertebrates that plays a vital role in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide within the blood. It … Read more

Blood pressure is the measure of the pressure developed against the wall of the arteries by the circulating blood. It is the measure of the pressure of the blood in … Read more

Our cardiovascular system comprises the heart and a closed circuit of blood vessels for the closed continuous blood circulation throughout the body. This closed, interconnected network of blood vessels defines … Read more

The cardiac cycle is a continuous closed sequence of events that results in the continuous and systematic contraction and relaxation of the chambers of the heart. It includes all the … Read more

The regular contraction and relaxation of the chambers of the heart in a rhythmic cycle are called heartbeat. The cardiac action potential generated by the SA node and conducted by … Read more

The heart is internally divided into several compartments, well separated by septum and valves, called the chambers of the heart. The human heart has four chambers, two auricles, and two … Read more

The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds the heart externally. It is a double-walled sac-like structure; hence, it is also called the pericardial sac. Pericardium Structure Histologically, the pericardium … Read more

There are three layers of the heart. They are: 1. Epicardium (Outermost Layer of Heart) Epicardium Structure Functions of Epicardium Epicardium-associated Diseases 2. Myocardium (Middle Layer of Heart) Myocardium Structure … Read more

Heart valves are the specialized flap or cusp-like structures inside the heart composed primarily of dense connective tissues that maintain the one-way flow of the blood inside the heart i.e., … Read more