Prashant Dahal 
‘Are viruses living or non-living?’ This has been a contentious topic in the scientific world. Actually, the answer to this question depends on what we consider living or how we … Read more
Bacteria are pleomorphic i.e. they show different morphological characters. Based on their shape, bacteria are mainly classified into four main groups viz. coccus (spherical shaped), bacillus (rod-shaped), spirilla or spirochete … Read more
Based on the ability of organisms to survive and grow either in the presence or absence of oxygen, they are generally classified as aerobic and anaerobic organisms. However, a third … Read more
Echocardiography (Echo) is a non-invasive medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound (ultrasound) to investigate the heart’s anatomy and function. This test uses 1.5 to 7.5 MHz sound waves to examine … Read more
Blood pressure is the measure of the pressure developed against the wall of the arteries by the circulating blood. It is the measure of the pressure of the blood in … Read more
Our cardiovascular system comprises the heart and a closed circuit of blood vessels for the closed continuous blood circulation throughout the body. This closed, interconnected network of blood vessels defines … Read more
The cardiac cycle is a continuous closed sequence of events that results in the continuous and systematic contraction and relaxation of the chambers of the heart. It includes all the … Read more
The regular contraction and relaxation of the chambers of the heart in a rhythmic cycle are called heartbeat. The cardiac action potential generated by the SA node and conducted by … Read more
The heart is internally divided into several compartments, well separated by septum and valves, called the chambers of the heart. The human heart has four chambers, two auricles, and two … Read more
The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds the heart externally. It is a double-walled sac-like structure; hence, it is also called the pericardial sac. Pericardium Structure Histologically, the pericardium … Read more
