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Last Updated on November 23, 2020 by Sagar Aryal
Here is the comparison table:
| S.N. | Character | Type I | Type II | Type III | Type IV |
| 1 | Alternative Name | Allergic hypersensitivity | Cytotoxic hypersensitivity | Immune complex hypersensitivity | Cell-mediated hypersensitivity/ Delayed type of hypersensitivity |
| 2 | Principle | Antibody-mediated degranulation of granulocytes leading to the destruction of cells. | Antibody-mediated destruction of healthy cells. | Antigen-antibody complex-mediated destruction of cells. | T lymphocytes mediated destruction of cells. |
| 3 | Primary Mediator | IgE | IgG/IgM | IgG/IgM | Specific subsets of CD4+ helper T cells or CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. |
| 4 | Other components as mediators | Mast cells, Basophils, histamine & other pharmacological agents | Complement, Neutrophils | Complement, phagocytes and K cells | Dendritic cells, macrophages, and cytokines |
| 5 | Reaction time | Immediate or within a few hours | 5-8 hours | 2-8 hours | After 24 hours only, mostly 48-72 hours after contact |
| 6 | Antigen | Free in circulation (Soluble) | Fixed on cells | Free in circulation ( Soluble) | Soluble or cell-bound |
| 7 | Antigen origin | Exogenous | Endogenous or exogenous | Exogenous or endogenous | Exogenous or endogenous |
| 8 | Antibody | Fixed on mast cells and basophils | Free in circulation | Free in circulation | Not applicable |
| 9 | Mechanism | Allergen-specific IgE antibodies bind to mast cells via their Fc receptor. When the specific allergen binds to the IgE, cross-linking of IgE induces degranulation of mast cells. | IgG or IgM antibody binds to a cellular antigen, leading to complement activation and cell lysis. IgG can also mediate ADCC with cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. | Antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues. Complement activation provides inflammatory mediators and recruits neutrophils. Enzymes released from neutrophils damage tissue. | Th2 cells secrete cytokines, which activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells. |
| 10 | Complement activation | No | Yes | Yes | No |
| 11 | Appearance | Weal & flare | Lysis & necrosis | Erythema & edema | Erythema & induration |
| 12 | Transfer with serum | Passive transfer possible with serum | Passive transfer | Passive transfer | Cannot be transferred with serum; but possible with T cells transfer |
| 13 | Desensitization | Easy but short-lived | Easy but short-lived | Easy but short-lived | Difficult but long-lived. |
| 14 | Examples | Asthma, Rhinitis, Atopic eczema, Bee sting reaction | Rhesus incompatibility (Rh hemolytic disease), Transfusion Reactions, Cell Destruction due to autoantigens, Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia | Glomerulonephritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Farmer’s lung arthritis, Vasculitis | The tuberculin reaction, Granuloma formation, Allergic contact dermatitis, Type-1 diabetes |
References
- https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/hypersensitivities/
- http://www.biologydiscussion.com/immunology/4-main-types-of-hypersensitivity-immunology/61851
- https://www.slideshare.net/drsomeshwaranamsana/hypersensitivity-reactions-dr-somesh-microbiology
- http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/immunology/type-iii-hypersensitivity-and-its-mechanism-human-immunology/28081
- Lydyard, P.M., Whelan,A.,& Fanger,M.W. (2005).Immunology (2 ed.).London: BIOS Scientific Publishers.
- Owen, J. A., Punt, J., & Stranford, S. A. (2013). Kuby Immunology (7 ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.