Sanju Tamang 
Humans have used fermentation since ancient times to produce alcoholic beverages, non-alcoholic fermented foods, and many other useful products. Fermentation is a metabolic process in which organisms convert carbohydrates, like … Read more
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is commonly referred to as the “universal energy carrier” or “molecular currency” for energy transfer in cells. Every living thing relies on ATP generation as the main … Read more
Chromosomes carry genetic information within cells and provide instructions for an organism’s growth, development, and functioning. In diploid organisms, chromosomes are usually present in pairs, with each pair consisting of … Read more
DNA is the basic unit of inheritance that maintains the integrity and function of living organisms. However, it is constantly exposed to damaging agents which can cause DNA damage. Additionally, … Read more
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), also known as lateral gene transfer, is the transfer of genetic information between more or less distantly related organisms. It is different from vertical gene transfer, … Read more
Inheritance is the transfer of genetic information or traits from one cell or individual to another. While most inherited traits follow patterns of chromosomal inheritance, where genes on the chromosomes … Read more
Chromosome mapping means determining the relative positions of genes in a chromosome by creating maps that are used to organize and understand genetic information on chromosomes. These maps show the … Read more
Gene interactions refer to the relationships between genes that affect the phenotype of an organism. Gene interactions occur when allelic or non-allelic genes affect the expression of specific phenotypic traits … Read more
Mendelian inheritance, also known as Mendelism or Mendelian genetics, is a set of principles that explain how hereditary traits are passed from parents to their offspring. These principles were initially … Read more
Microprojectile Bombardment is one of the physical methods of gene transfer used to introduce foreign genetic materials directly into cells or tissues using high-velocity particles. The method is known by … Read more
