Sagar Aryal, PhD 
Lymphocytes are the cells that specifically recognize and respond to foreign antigens and are mediators of humoral and cellular immunity. Lymphocytes, the unique cells of adaptive immunity, are the only … Read more
Virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes 1. Adhesion proteins (Ami, Fbp A, flagellin) Mediate bacterial binding to host cell that contribute to virulence. 2. Listeriolysin O A hemolytic and cytotoxic toxin that … Read more
Objective of Flagella Stain This technique is used to visualize the presence and arrangement of flagella for the presumptive identification of motile bacterial species. Principle of Flagella Stain Flagella are … Read more
Members of the anaerobic genera Clostridium and Desulfotomaculum and the aerobic genus Bacillus are examples of organisms that have the capacity to exist either as metabolically active vegetative cells or … Read more
A capsule is a gelatinous outer layer that is secreted by the cell and that surrounds and adheres to the cell wall. It is not common to all organisms. Cells … Read more
Objectives of Negative Staining To perform a negative staining procedure. To understand the benefit obtained from visualizing unstained microorganisms. Principle of Negative Staining Negative staining requires the use of an … Read more
Objectives of Simple Staining To perform a simple staining procedure. To compare the morphological shapes and arrangements of bacterial cells. Principle of Simple Staining In simple staining, the bacterial smear is stained … Read more
Objective Differential staining of nucleic acids including DNA and RNA. Principle Acridine orange, a vital stain, will intercalate with nucleic acid, changing the dye’s optical characteristics so that it will … Read more
Objective of Kinyoun-Cold Method Identification of acid-fast Mycobacterium spp. and parasites such as Cryptosporidium and Isopora spp. Principle of Kinyoun-Cold Method Acid-fast mycobacteria contain mycolic acid in their outer membrane, making the … Read more
It is also know as Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Objective of Acid Fast Stain The main aim objective of this stain is to differentiate bacteria into acid fast group and non-acid fast groups. … Read more
