Sagar Aryal, PhD 
Habitat of Mycobacterium leprae They are found in soil, water and air. Found in the soils where the leprosy infected people live. Most of them are non-pathogenic and non-parasitic. Found … Read more
What is a Darkfield Microscope? Microbiology, the branch of science that has so vastly extended and expanded our knowledge of the living world, owes its existence to Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. … Read more
What is Phase-contrast microscopy? Unstained living cells absorb practically no light. Poor light absorption results in extremely small differences in the intensity distribution in the image. This makes the cells … Read more
This explanation is the simplest way in which the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is interpreted. The Dogmas A. Three general transfers B. Three special transfers C. Three unknown transfers … Read more
Basic Characteristics Properties (B. melitensis) Capsule Negative (-ve) Catalase Positive(+ve) Flagella Negative (-ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Gram Negative (-ve) H2S Negative (-ve) Hemolysis Negative (-ve) Indole Negative … Read more
Basic Characteristics Properties (Bifidobacterium bifidum) 2% Bile Salt Positive (+ve) Capsule Negative (-ve) Catalase Negative (-ve) Flagella Negative (-ve) Gas Negative (-ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Gram-Positive (+ve) … Read more
Biochemical Test of Streptococcus pyogenes Characteristics Properties (Streptococcus pyogenes) CAMP Negative (-ve) Capsule Capsulated Catalase Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Positive (+ve) Hemolysis Beta Motility Non-Motile OF (Oxidative-Fermentative) Fac. Anaerobes PYR … Read more
Cytoskeleton Definition The cytosol of cells contains fibers that help to maintain cell shape and mobility and that probably provide anchoring points for the other cellular structures. Collectively, these fibers … Read more
Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae M. pneumoniae is an extracellular pathogen transmitted by respiratory droplets expectorated during coughing which then adheres to the respiratory epithelium by means of a specialized attachment … Read more
B lymphocytes, the cells that produce antibodies, were so called because in birds they were found to mature in an organ called the Bursa of Fabricius. In mammals, no anatomic … Read more
