Sagar Aryal, PhD 
Immuno-diffusion is a technique for the detection or measurement of antibodies and antigens by their precipitation which involves diffusion through a substance such as agar or gel agarose. Simply, it … Read more
Disease Caused Mode of Transmission Pathogenesis of Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) EIEC pathogenesis comprises Clinical Features Diagnosis EIEC strains can be difficult to distinguish from Shigella spp and from other E. coli strains, … Read more
Antigen-Antibody (Ag-Ab) Interaction is a biochemical reaction between antibodies and specific antigens when they come closer to a distance of several nanometers. It is the binding of paratopes of antibodies … Read more
Antibodies are glycoproteins produced in membrane-bound or secreted form by B lymphocytes in response to exposure to foreign structures known as antigens. The human immunoglobulins are a family of proteins … Read more
Plastids Definition Plastid is a double membrane-bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food, commonly found within the cells of photosynthetic plants. Plastids were discovered and named byย Ernst … Read more
Cytokines Cytokines are a family of small proteins that mediate an organismโs response to injury or infection. Cytokines operate by transmitting signals between cells in an organism. Minute quantities of … Read more
With respect to humans, the term growth refers to an increase in size; for example, going from a tiny newborn baby to a large adult. Although bacteria do increase in … Read more
Four levels of hierarchy in protein conformation can be described. A. PRIMARY STRUCTURE PRIMARY STRUCTURE refers to the order of the amino acids in the peptide chain.1. The free ฮฑ-amino … Read more
Image Source: Manitoba Health and Fine Art America. Some of the characteristics are as follows: Basic Characteristics Properties (Haemophilus influenzae) Capsule Strain-dependent Catalase Positive (+ve) Flagella Negative (-ve) Gas Negative … Read more
What is Immunology? Immunology is the study of how the body responds to foreign substances and fights off infection and other disease. Immunologists study the molecules, cells, and organs of … Read more
