Sagar Aryal, PhD 
Cystine tryptic agar (CTA), also known as cystine trypticase agar, was developed by Vera as a semi-solid growth medium used for the identification and maintenance of microorganisms for extended periods … Read more
Peptone Water is formulated as per Shread, Donovan, and Lee. It is a broth medium used for the growth of the organism and a base for determining carbohydrate fermentation patterns … Read more
Loeffler Medium is a modification of the original formula developed by Loeffler in 1887. Loeffler medium enhances primary and secondary isolation and cultivation of fastidious pathogenic microorganisms, especially from the … Read more
Campylobacter Blood Agar (CVA) is a selective medium used for the primary isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from stool specimens. Dekeyser et al. reported the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from the feces of … Read more
A buffer is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its salt (acidic buffer) or a weak base and its salt (basic buffer) that resists … Read more
Mechanical Methods of Cell Disruption Mechanical methods are those methods that required some sort of force to separate out intracellular protein without adding chemical or enzyme Mortar & Pestle Blenders … Read more
Complement refers to a set of serum proteins that cooperates with both the innate and the adaptive immune systems to eliminate blood and tissue pathogens. Complement components can be classified … Read more
Protein Synthesis involves translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. It is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins … Read more
Genetic vectors are vehicles for delivering foreign DNA into recipient cells. In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, … Read more
Pathogenesis of Rickettsia rickettsii Human gets infected when infected adult tick inoculates Rickettsia rickettsii into the skin while taking a blood meal. It usually takes 6 hours of attachment and feeding … Read more
