Online microbiology and biology related notes by SAGAR ARYAL
Chloroplasts- Structure and Functions The word chloroplastis derived from the Greek words chloros, which means green, and plastes, which means “the one who forms”. Chloroplasts are a type of membrane-bound plastids that contain a network of membranes embedded into a liquid matrix, and harbor the photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll. It is this pigment that imparts a green color … Read moreChloroplasts- Structure and Functions
Cytoplasm- Structure, Components, Properties, Functions Cytoplasm is the semi-viscous ground substance of the cell. All the volume of such substance outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane is cytoplasm. It is sometimes described as the non-nuclear content of the protoplasm. All the cellular contents in prokaryotes are contained within cell’s cytoplasm. In eukaryote organisms, the nucleus of the cell … Read moreCytoplasm- Structure, Components, Properties, Functions
Golgi Apparatus- Structure and Functions The Golgi apparatus or the Golgi body or Golgi complex or simply Golgi is a cellular organelle present in most of the cells of the eukaryotic organisms. It is referred to as the manufacturing and the shipping center of the cell. Golgi is involved in packaging of the protein molecules before they are sent … Read moreGolgi Apparatus- Structure and Functions
Lysosomes- Structure, Enzymes, Types, Functions Lysosomes are membrane bound, dense granular structures containing hydrolytic enzymes responsible mainly for intracellular and extracellular digestion. The word “lysosome” is made up of two words “lysis” meaning breakdown and “soma” meaning body. It is an important cell organelle responsible for inter and extracellular breakdown of substances. They are more … Read moreLysosomes- Structure, Enzymes, Types, Functions
Cilia and Flagella- Structure and Functions Cilia and Flagella are complex filamentous cytoplasmic structure protruding through cell wall. They are minute, specially differentiated appendices of the cell. Flagella (singular = flagellum) are long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell. Cilia (singular = cilium) are short, … Read moreCilia and Flagella- Structure and Functions
Cell Wall (Plant, Fungal, Bacterial)- Structure and Functions The cell wall is a rigid and protective layer around the plasma membrane which provides the mechanical support to the cell. It is a non-living structure which is formed by the living protoplast. Animal cells do not have a cell wall. They are present in most plant cells, fungi, … Read moreCell Wall (Plant, Fungal, Bacterial)- Structure and Functions
Mitochondria- Structure and Functions Mitochondria are oxygen-consuming ribbon-shaped cellular organelles of immense importance floating free throughout the cell. They are known as the “powerhouse of the cell” since these organelles supply all the necessary biological energy to the cell by oxidizing the substrates available. The enzymatic oxidation of chemical compounds in the mitochondria release energy. Since … Read moreMitochondria- Structure and Functions
Cell (Plasma) Membrane- Structure, Composition, Functions Membranes are lipid structures that separate the contents of the compartment they surround from its environment. Plasma membranes separate the cell from its environment while other membranes define the boundaries of organelles and provide a matrix upon which complex chemical reactions can occur. The plasma membrane, also known as the … Read moreCell (Plasma) Membrane- Structure, Composition, Functions