Online microbiology notes by SAGAR ARYAL
Microvilli- Structure and Functions Microvilli, in the most simplistic terms, are tiny little microscopic projections that exist in, on, and around cells. They can exist on their own or in conjunction with villi (projections of some mucous membranes, most specifically of the small intestine, which are tiny folds that project out like numerous finger). On each of … Read moreMicrovilli- Structure and Functions
Microtubules- Structure and Functions Microtubules are found in the cytoplasm of all types of eukaryotic cells with rare absence, such as in human erythrocytes. Microtubules are tiny, hollow, bead-like tubular structures that help cells maintain their shape. They are microscopic hollow tubes found inside cells that also provide motor functions for the cell. Structure of … Read moreMicrotubules- Structure and Functions
Cell Fusion- Types and Significance Until recently, cells were thought to be integral and discrete components of tissues, and their state was determined by cell differentiation. However, under some conditions, stem cells or their progeny can fuse with cells of other types, mixing cytoplasmic and even genetic material of different (heterotypic) origins. Cell fusion is an important cellular … Read moreCell Fusion- Types and Significance
Embryo Transfer Embryo refers to the early developmental stage of an animal while it is in the egg or within the uterus of the mother. In humans the term is applied to the unborn child until the end of the seventh week following conception; from the eighth week, the unborn child is called a fetus. Embryo transfer refers to … Read moreEmbryo Transfer
Vacuoles- Structure, Types and Functions A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells. The most conspicuous compartment in most plant cells is a very large, fluid-filled vacuole. Large vacuoles are also found in three genera of filamentous sulfur bacteria, the Thioploca, Beggiatoa, and Thiomargarita. However, the function and significance of vacuoles vary greatly according to the type of cell having much … Read moreVacuoles- Structure, Types and Functions
Plastids- Types, Structure and Functions Plastid is a double membrane bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food, commonly found within the cells of photosynthetic plants. Plastids were discovered and named by Ernst Haeckel, but A. F. W. Schimper was the first to provide a clear definition. They are necessary for essential life processes, like photosynthesis and food storage. A plastid containing green … Read morePlastids- Types, Structure and Functions
Microfilaments- Structure and Functions Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are polymers of the protein actin that are part of a cell’s cytoskeleton. They are long chains of G-actin formed into two parallel polymers twisted around each other into a helical orientation with a diameter between 6 and 8nm. Common to all eukaryotic cells, these filaments … Read moreMicrofilaments- Structure and Functions
Ribosomes- Structure and Functions The ribosome word is derived – ‘ribo’ from ribonucleic acid and ‘somes’ from the Greek word ‘soma’ which means ‘body’. Ribosomes are tiny spheroidal dense particles (of 150 to 200 A0 diameters) that are primarily found in most prokaryotic and eukaryotic. They are sites of protein synthesis. They are structures containing approximately equal amounts of … Read moreRibosomes- Structure and Functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- Structure, Types, Functions Within the cytoplasm of most animal cells is an extensive network (reticulum) of membrane-limited channels, collectively called endoplasmic reticulum (or ER). Endoplasmic reticulum is a name derived from the fact that in the light microscope it looks like a “net in the cytoplasm.” Endoplasmic reticulum is only present in … Read moreEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- Structure, Types, Functions
Nucleus- Structure and Functions The cell nucleus is a membrane bound structure that contains the cell’s hereditary information and controls the cell’s growth and reproduction. It is the command center of a eukaryotic cell and is commonly the most prominent organelle in a cell accounting for about 10 percent of the cell’s volume. In general, a eukaryotic cell has … Read moreNucleus- Structure and Functions