Factors affecting Immunogenicity
Immunogenicity is determined by: A. Properties of Immunogen Foreignness An antigen must be a foreign substance to the animal or recognized as non-self by the biological system to elicit an … Read more
Sagar Aryal, PhD
Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes
Laboratory diagnosis of Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes Specimens: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), Blood Microscopy Gram-stain preparations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) typically show no organisms because the bacteria are generally present in … Read more
Indirect ELISA: Steps, Advantages, and Protocol
Indirect ELISA is a two-step ELISA which involves two binding process of primary antibody and labeled secondary antibody. The primary antibody is incubated with the antigen followed by the incubation with the … Read more
Recombinant DNA Technology- Definition, Steps, Applications
Steps of Genetic Recombination Technology Application of Recombinant DNA technology Limitations of Recombinant DNA technology References
Introduction to Antibodies with Diagrams
Antibodies are often referred to as immunoglobulins (immune proteins). Antibodies, or Y-shaped immunoglobulins, are proteins found in the blood that help to fight against foreign substances called antigens. Antigens, which are … Read more
Habitat and Morphology of Shigella dysenteriae
Habitat of Shigella dysenteriae They are found worldwide. Humans are only the natural host. They are also found in human intestinal tract. They are mostly found in the area where … Read more
Sandwich ELISA- Steps and Advantages
The sandwich ELISA quantify antigens between two layers of antibodies (i.e. capture and detection antibody). Sandwich ELISA is named so as antigen is sandwiched between two antibodies. The sandwich assay … Read more
Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Francisella tularensis
Laboratory diagnosis of Francisella tularensis Specimen Scrapings from infected ulcers, lymph node biopsies, and sputum, whole blood. Serum is generally collected from all patients early in disease and during convalescence. … Read more
Habitat and Morphology of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Habitat of Klebsiella pneumoniae They are found in mouth, skin and intestinal tract of human beings. They are also found in soil, water and sewage. Also found in bowel and respiratory … Read more
Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Leptospira interrogans
Laboratory diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans Specimens Specimens consist of aseptically collected blood in a heparin tube, CSF, urine, or tissues for microscopic examination and culture. Serum is collected for agglutination … Read more