Online Microbiology and Biology Notes
Anupama Sapkota 
Image Source: AB Tasty. Type 1 error definition Type 1 error, in statistical hypothesis testing, is the error caused by rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true. Type 1 error is caused when the hypothesis that should have been accepted is rejected. Type I error is denoted by α (alpha) known as an error, … Read more Type I Error and Type II Error with 10 Differences
Homeostasis Definition Homeostasis is the ability of living systems to maintain a steady and uniform internal environment to allow the normal functioning of the systems. It is the tendency to achieve equilibrium against various natural and environmental factors. Homeostasis results in a dynamic equilibrium, where continuous changes keep on taking place, and yet steady conditions … Read more Homeostasis- Definition, Types, Examples, Applications
Centrifuge definition A centrifuge is a device used to separate components of a mixture on the basis of their size, density, the viscosity of the medium, and the rotor speed. The centrifuge is commonly used in laboratories for the separation of biological molecules from a crude extract. In a centrifuge, the sample is kept in … Read more Types of Centrifuge & Centrifugation (definition, principle, uses)
Neutrophils Definition Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell with multi-lobed nuclei and stainable cytoplasmic granules. These are the most abundant granulocytes, occupying about 40-60% of the total number of white blood cells in the blood. Neutrophils, like all other blood cells, are formed from the stem cells in the bone marrow. After differentiation … Read more Neutrophils – Definition, structure, count, range, functions
Definition of prokaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells are single-celled entities that are primitive in structure and function as they lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. The term “prokaryote” is derived from two Greek words, ‘pro’ meaning ‘before’ and ‘karyon’ meaning ‘nucleus’. Prokaryotes are considered to be the first living organisms of the earth as they … Read more Prokaryotic cells- characteristics, structure, division, examples
Photosynthesis Definition Photosynthesis is defined as the process, utilized by green plants and photosynthetic bacteria, where electromagnetic radiation is converted into chemical energy and uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen. Image created using biorender.com. The carbohydrates formed from photosynthesis provide not only the necessary energy form the energy … Read more Photosynthesis- definition, equation, steps, process, diagram
Autoclave Definition An autoclave is a machine that provides a physical method of sterilization by killing bacteria, viruses, and even spores present in the material put inside of the vessel using steam under pressure. Autoclave sterilizes the materials by heating them up to a particular temperature for a specific period of time. The autoclave is … Read more Autoclave- definition, parts, principle, procedure, types, uses
Null hypothesis definition The null hypothesis is a general statement that states that there is no relationship between two phenomenons under consideration or that there is no association between two groups. A hypothesis, in general, is an assumption that is yet to be proved with sufficient pieces of evidence. A null hypothesis thus is the … Read more Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis with 9 differences
Image Source: Everyday Health. (Gwen Shockey/Alamy) Differences between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes Features Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Nature of disease It is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the body’s immunity system mistakes insulin-producing cells as foreign invaders. It is a metabolic condition where the pancreas produces enough insulin, but … Read more Type 1 Diabetes vs Type 2 Diabetes (14 major differences)
What is a peptide? A peptide is a short-chain made up of amino acid which, together with other peptides, forms a protein. The number of amino acids in a peptide can range from two amino acids to fifty amino acids. Based on the number of amino acids present in the peptide, peptides are of many … Read more Peptide bond- definition, formation, degradation, examples
Cladogram Definition A cladogram is the graphical representation of the hypothetical relationship (phylogenetic relationship) between different groups of organisms. It is used in the phylogenetic analysis of organisms to determine the evolutionary relationship between them. The cladogram is derived from Greek words clados and gramma where ‘clados’ means branch and ‘gramma’ means characters. It is … Read more Cladogram- definition, features, parts, examples (vs Phylogram)
Figure: The Integumentary System. Image Source: Wikipedia, InformedHealth.org and Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Integumentary System definition The integumentary system is a system comprised of organs that are the outermost protective covering of the animal body, the skin, and its various derivatives. The integumentary system protects against many threats such as infection, desiccation, abrasion, chemical assault, and radiation … Read more Integumentary System- definition, organs, functions, diseases