Sagar Aryal, PhD 
Laboratory diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans Specimens Specimens consist of aseptically collected blood in a heparin tube, CSF, urine, or tissues for microscopic examination and culture. Serum is collected for agglutination … Read more
Habitat of Listeria monocytogenes They are the natural pathogens of wide range of animals, birds, fish, ticks and crustacean. They are saprophytic in soil, water, sewage and plants decaying. They … Read more
Pathogenesis of Gardenerella vaginalis A. Adherence of G. vaginalis to Host Epithelium: Initial Steps in Invasion The initial steps of establishing infection include adherence to host receptor sites, production of … Read more
Biochemical Test of Staphylococcus epidermidis Basic Characteristics Properties (Staphylococcus epidermidis) Capsule Mostly Capsulated Catalase Positive (+ve) Citrate Negative (-ve) Coagulase Negative (-ve) Gas Positive (+ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Negative (-ve) Gram … Read more
Virulence factors or antigenic structures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae A. Pili Pili are the hair like appendages that extend up to several micrometers from the gonococcal surface. It mediates the exchange … Read more
Faecal specimens should be collected in the early stages of the diarrhoeal disease, when pathogens are present in the highest number, and preferably before antimicrobial treatment is started, if appropriate. … Read more
B lymphocytes They acquired their name from early experiments in chickens. The synthesis of antibody was shown to require the presence of an organ called the bursa of Fabricius (an … Read more
Laboratory diagnosis of Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae Specimen Skin biopsies, nasal discharges, scrapings from the nasal mucosa and slit-skin smears which are prepared by making superficial incisions in the … Read more
