Sagar Aryal, PhD 
All epidemiological studies are mostly attempting to establish the presence or absence of a causal relationship, and the results are an estimate of the actual effect or degree of association. … Read more
Common Types of Bias Types of bias include selection bias, detection bias, information (observation) bias, misclassification, and recall bias. Selection Bias Detection Bias Information (observation) Bias Misclassification a) Non-differential (random) … Read more
Experimental studies set out to alter, rather than just observe, relevant exposures of interest, and to assess over time their impact on health status or disease outcomes. The field trial … Read more
A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; RCT) is a type of scientific (often medical) experiment that aims to reduce certain sources of bias when testing the effectiveness of new treatments. It … Read more
Some of the mistakes are: Choosing a topic that is too large. Choosing a topic that is too complex for research at the level of the researcher. Not giving due … Read more
Questionnaire is as an instrument for research, which consists of a list of questions, along with the choice of answers, printed or typed in a sequence on a form used … Read more
There are two major approaches to gathering information about a situation, person, problem or phenomenon. When you undertake a research study, in most situations, you need to collect the required … Read more
The starting point for the occurrence of a communicable disease is the existence of a reservoir or source of infection. The source of infection is defined as “the person, animal, … Read more
Communicable diseases are termed endemic when they have a relatively stable pattern of occurrence in a given geographical area or population group at the relatively high prevalence and incidence. It … Read more
Disease prevention is a procedure through which individuals, those with risk factors for a disease or without the risk factors, are treated in order to prevent a disease from occurring. … Read more
