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Molecular Biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that deals with the composition, structure, and function of cellular molecules like proteins and nucleic acids essential for the cellular functions and mechanisms.

  • Molecular biology is primarily focused on nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, their structure, composition, expression, and interactions among themselves.
  • Molecular biology is slowly becoming an important area of research with the discovery that nucleic acids and other biomolecules play a vital role in the normal functioning of the body.
  • Molecular biology developed as a separate discipline from other branches like biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics.
  • Over the years, many techniques have been developed in molecular biology; however, researchers tend to use methods and techniques native to genetics.
  • Common techniques used in molecular biology include X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of nucleic acids.
  • The discipline focuses on the molecular mechanism of genetic processes so that genes can be used for genetic engineering to isolate, modify, and sequence genes.
  • Initial studies in molecular biology were involved in the determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins in order to understand their structure and mechanism of action and expression.
  • Initial studies in molecular biology were based on the rapid growth and readily manipulable genetics of simple bacteria, such as E. coli, and their viruses. 
  • More recently, not only the fundamental principles but also many of the experimental approaches first developed in prokaryotes have been successfully applied to eukaryotic cells. 
  • Current advances in recombinant DNA technology have made even the determination of the complete sequence of the human genome a feasible project.
  • Complete genome sequencing of various living beings, including humans, has been done with modern approaches like DNA sequencing techniques and PCR.
  • Studies of molecular biology have also been applied in clinical research and medical therapies, both of which are covered under gene therapy.
  • Molecular biology also plays a vital role in studies related to regulations of various parts of a cell, which can then be used to target new drugs and diagnose diseases efficiently.

Single-Cell Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Uses, Developments

April 1, 2025March 29, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Single-Cell Sequencing

Single-cell sequencing is a method that sequences a single cell at a time to study its genome, transcriptome, epigenome, or other molecular characteristics. It is useful for studying the unique … Read more

Paired-End Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Uses

March 26, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Paired-End Sequencing

Paired-end sequencing is a next-generation sequencing method that sequences a DNA fragment from both ends. This method produces two reads for each fragment which makes the sequencing process more accurate. … Read more

Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS): Principle, Steps, Uses

March 25, 2025March 21, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Massively Parallel Sequencing

Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS), also called next-generation sequencing (NGS) or high-throughput sequencing (HTS), is a modern sequencing technology that can simultaneously sequence millions of short DNA or RNA fragments. Unlike … Read more

Mitochondrial DNA analysis as a Forensic Tool

March 14, 2025March 13, 2025 by Botu Gowtham
Mitochondrial DNA analysis

Genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA is one of the critical parts of forensic analysis because of its ubiquitous presence in biological material, even in the absence of nuclear DNA, and … Read more

Long-Read Sequencing: Principle, Types, Process, Uses

March 11, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Long Read Sequencing

Long-read sequencing (LRS) is a third-generation sequencing method that can sequence longer fragments of nucleotides compared to traditional short-read sequencing methods. It generates genomic data by reading DNA or RNA … Read more

Semiconductor Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Uses

January 17, 2025 by Sanju Tamang
Semiconductor Sequencing

Semiconductor sequencing is a technology that uses electronic sensors fixed in microchips to sequence nucleic acids by directly measuring electrical signals caused by proton release during DNA synthesis. This sequencing … Read more

Helicos Single-Molecule Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Uses

December 22, 2024December 21, 2024 by Sanju Tamang
Helicos Single-Molecule Sequencing

Helicos single-molecule sequencing, also called true single-molecule sequencing (tSMS), is a third-generation DNA sequencing technology that directly reads individual DNA or RNA molecules without requiring complex steps like PCR amplification. … Read more

Polony Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Uses, Diagram

December 13, 2024 by Sanju Tamang
Polony Sequencing

Polony sequencing is an open-source DNA sequencing technology that involves clonal amplification of DNA fragments into polymerase colonies called polonies. It was developed by Dr. George Church and his team … Read more

Targeted Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Methods, Uses, Diagram

December 13, 2024December 5, 2024 by Sanju Tamang
Targeted Sequencing

Targeted sequencing is a method that sequences specific genomic regions of interest rather than sequencing the whole genome. By focusing on particular genes or regions, targeted sequencing offers a more … Read more

Mate-Pair Sequencing: Principle, Steps, Applications, Diagram

December 13, 2024December 1, 2024 by Sanju Tamang
Mate Pair Sequencing

Mate-pair sequencing is a next-generation sequencing method that creates long-insert paired-end DNA libraries. In this sequencing method, two DNA fragments that are far apart in the genome and have opposite … Read more

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