{"id":98,"date":"2022-05-09T19:39:04","date_gmt":"2022-05-09T13:54:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/virologynotes.com\/?p=98"},"modified":"2022-09-05T14:09:31","modified_gmt":"2022-09-05T08:24:31","slug":"coronavirus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/","title":{"rendered":"Coronavirus- An Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/#structure-of-coronavirus\" title=\"Structure of\u00a0Coronavirus\">Structure of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/#genome-of-coronavirus\" title=\"Genome\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus\">Genome\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/#epidemiology-of-coronavirus\" title=\"Epidemiology\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus\">Epidemiology\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/#replication-of-coronavirus\" title=\"Replication\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus\">Replication\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/#pathogenesis-of-coronavirus\" title=\"Pathogenesis\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus\">Pathogenesis\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/#clinical-manifestations-of-coronavirus\" title=\"Clinical manifestations\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus\">Clinical manifestations\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/#lab-diagnosis-of-coronavirus\" title=\"Lab Diagnosis\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus\">Lab Diagnosis\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/#treatment-of-coronavirus\" title=\"Treatment\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus\">Treatment\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/#prevention-and-control-of-coronavirus\" title=\"Prevention and control\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus\">Prevention and control\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/#references\" title=\"References \">References <\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/#coronavirus\" title=\"Coronavirus\">Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-of-coronavirus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Structure of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Coronaviruses fall in the virus family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Coronaviruses are enveloped, 120 to 160 nm particles that contain an unsegmented genome of single-stranded positive-sense RNA (27\u201332 kb).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The large, plus-stranded <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/rna-properties-structure-types-and-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">RNA<\/a> genome associates with the N protein to form a helical nucleocapsid.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The helical nucleocapsid is 9\u201311 nm in diameter.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There are 20 nm long club or petal-shaped projections that are widely spaced on the outer surface of the envelope, suggestive of a solar corona.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The viral structural proteins include a 50\u201360 kDa phosphorylated nucleocapsid (N) protein, a 20\u201335 kDa membrane (M) glycoprotein that serves as a matrix protein embedded in the envelope lipid bilayer and interacting with the nucleocapsid, and the spike (S) a 180\u2013220 kDa glycoprotein that makes up the petal-shaped peplomers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Some viruses, including human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), contain a third glycoprotein (HE; 65 kDa) that causes hemagglutination and has acetylesterase activity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-25865\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Coronavirus-Structure-and-Protein-Visualization.jpeg\" alt=\"Coronavirus Structure and Protein Visualization\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1050\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Coronavirus-Structure-and-Protein-Visualization.jpeg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Coronavirus-Structure-and-Protein-Visualization-300x210.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Coronavirus-Structure-and-Protein-Visualization-1024x717.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Coronavirus-Structure-and-Protein-Visualization-768x538.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Figure: Structure of Coronavirus, created with <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/biorender.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biorender.com<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"genome-of-coronavirus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Genome\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_100\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-100\" style=\"width: 590px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-100\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Genome-of-Coronavirus.jpg\" alt=\"Genome\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus\" width=\"600\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Genome-of-Coronavirus.jpg 600w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Genome-of-Coronavirus-300x117.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-100\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Source: Nature Reviews | Microbiology<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Coronavirus genomes are monopartite, single-stranded, positive-sense, polyadenylated, and capped RNAs ranging from 27 to 32 kb in length.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The 5\u2032 approximately 20 to 22 kb carries the replicase gene, which encodes multiple enzymatic activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The replicase gene products are encoded within two very large open reading frames, ORFs 1a and 1b.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The order of the genes encoding the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the four common structural proteins, the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins are indicated as Pol-S-E-M-N.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Coronavirus genomes also include a variety of additional open reading frames (ORFs) that encode two to four nonstructural proteins of unknown functions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the genome, a common intergenic sequence (IS) of about 7 bases is found at the 5&#8242; end of each gene.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This IS sequence is essential for the formation of subgenomic RNAs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Coronavirus-infected cells contain multiple overlapping subgenomic, capped, and polyadenylated mRNAs with a common 3&#8242; end.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Each subgenomic mRNA and the viral genomic RNA, which also serves as an mRNA, is translated to yield only the protein encoded by the 5&#8242; gene on the mRNA.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"epidemiology-of-coronavirus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Epidemiology\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_102\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-102\" style=\"width: 757px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-102\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Epidemiology-of-Coronavirus.jpg\" alt=\"Epidemiology\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus\" width=\"767\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Epidemiology-of-Coronavirus.jpg 767w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Epidemiology-of-Coronavirus-300x144.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 100vw, 767px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-102\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Source: Trends in Microbiology<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Natural outbreaks of colds caused by coronaviruses occur predominantly during the winter months, although in children, two peaks in late autumn to early winter and early summer were detected.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It is estimated that coronaviruses cause 15\u201330% of all colds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Studies using virus detection or serology have shown that HCoV 229E, OC43, and NL63 occur worldwide.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The contribution of each HCoV may vary widely from year to year, for example, 229E contributing as little as 1% to acute respiratory infections in the community in one year and up to 35% in the next.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The incidence of coronavirus infections varies markedly from year to year, ranging in one 3-year study from 1% to 35%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"replication-of-coronavirus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Replication\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-25863\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Replication-of-Coronavirus.jpeg\" alt=\"Replication\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus\" width=\"1575\" height=\"1125\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Replication-of-Coronavirus.jpeg 1575w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Replication-of-Coronavirus-300x214.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Replication-of-Coronavirus-1024x731.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Replication-of-Coronavirus-768x549.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Replication-of-Coronavirus-1536x1097.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1575px) 100vw, 1575px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Figure: Replication of Coronavirus, created with <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/biorender.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biorender.com<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Natural infection of humans with human respiratory coronaviruses occurs through exposure to respiratory secretions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Coronaviruses attach to their glycoprotein receptors on host cells via their S proteins.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Viral entry is mediated by fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane or by receptor-mediated endocytosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Group 1 coronaviruses 229E and NL63 bind to the metalloproteases, human aminopeptidase N and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) respectively.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The receptors for OC43 and HKU-1 have not been yet identified.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The fusion of the viral and cell membranes (either at the cell surface or within the endocytic vesicle) is mediated by the S2 portion of the virus spike protein which functions as a class 1 fusion protein.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Once the viral RNA is released into the cytoplasm, translation of the positive-strand genomic RNA gives rise to a large polyprotein that undergoes proteolytic processing to generate an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase translated from the plus-stranded viral genomic RNA makes a negative-strand that serves as the template for a nested set of five to seven subgenomic mRNAs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Translation of subgenomic mRNAs gives rise to structural viral proteins.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The N protein and newly synthesized genomic RNA assemble to form helical nucleocapsids.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Membrane glycoprotein M is inserted in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and anchored in the Golgi apparatus.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The nucleocapsid (N plus genomic RNA) binds to M protein at the budding compartment (ERGIC).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">E and M proteins interact to trigger the budding of virions, enclosing the nucleocapsid.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">These newly formed virions are transported via the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane where they are released by exocytosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"pathogenesis-of-coronavirus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Pathogenesis\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The primary route of transmission of human coronaviruses is via the respiratory tract, most likely spread by aerosols and in large droplets (e.g., sneezes).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Infection with the common-cold coronaviruses leads to loss of ciliary action (ciliostasis) and degenerative changes affecting the cilia of epithelial cells of the respiratory tract.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Infection remains localized to the upper respiratory tract because the optimum temperature for viral growth is 33\u00b0 C to 35\u00b0 C and may lead to the lower respiratory tract.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">HCoV-OC43 is generally associated with mild upper respiratory tract infections, although it has been shown to have neuroinvasive properties.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"clinical-manifestations-of-coronavirus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Clinical manifestations\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">HCoVs in both the 229E- and OC43-related serogroups cause upper respiratory signs and symptoms in adults and children that vary in frequency and severity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">HCoVs cause respiratory infections(bronchiolitis and pneumonia), but gastroenteritis and neurological disorders can also occur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The human coronaviruses produce \u201ccommon colds,\u201d usually afebrile, in adults.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The symptoms include nasal discharge and malaise.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Other symptoms include rhinorrhea, headache, malaise, chills, sore throat, and cough.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The incubation period is from 2 to 5 days.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Symptoms last for a mean of 7 days, with a range of 3 to 18 days.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Patients with symptomatic coronavirus infection show a rise in neutralizing and complement fixation antibody titers in the serum after inoculation that waned after months.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The lower respiratory tract is seldom involved, although pneumonia may occur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Asthmatic children may suffer wheezing attacks, and respiratory symptoms may be exacerbated in adults with chronic pulmonary disease.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">HCoV-OC43 can infect neurons and cause encephalitis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"lab-diagnosis-of-coronavirus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Lab Diagnosis\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Specimen:<\/strong> respiratory secretions, stool (HKU1)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Virus isolation- The human hepatoma cell-line HUH7 has been recently used for primary isolation of OC43, 229E and HKU-1 viruses from clinical specimens and NL63 has been isolated in LLC-MK2 and Vero B4 cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Detection of viral RNA by RT-PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Electron microscopy of negatively stained stool specimens is useful for the detection of enteric coronaviruses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Complement fixation, ELISA assays, immunofluorescence or virus neutralization tests have been used for serological diagnosis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The serologic diagnosis of infections with strain 229E is possible using a passive hemagglutination test in which red cells coated with coronavirus antigen are agglutinated by antibody-containing sera.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">HCoV-OC43\u2013related virions that express a HE glycoprotein on the viral envelope can also be detected by hemagglutination and acetyl esterase assays.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"treatment-of-coronavirus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Treatment\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">There is no proven treatment for human coronavirus infections and no vaccine.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"prevention-and-control-of-coronavirus\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Prevention and control\u00a0of\u00a0Coronavirus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Washing hands often with soap and water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Avoid touching eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Covering mouth and nose with a tissue while coughing or sneezing, then throw the tissue in the trash and washing hands.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>References <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Jawetz, Melnick, &amp; Adelberg&#8217;s Medical Microbiology, 28e<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">David Greenwood, Medical Microbiology<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Topley and Wilson&#8217;s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 8 Volume Set, 10th Edition<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Schaechter&#8217;s Mechanisms of Microbial Disease<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMc1509458?rss=searchAndBrowse&amp;#t=article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMc1509458?rss=searchAndBrowse&amp;#t=article<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.asmscience.org\/content\/book\/10.1128\/9781555815790.ch20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.asmscience.org\/content\/book\/10.1128\/9781555815790.ch20<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Internet Sources<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">7% &#8211; <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science\/porcine-respiratory-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science\/porcine-respiratory-coronavirus<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sinobiological.com\/Coronavirus-Replication-a-6112.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/virus-detection<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMc1509458<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1306801\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/about\/prevention.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/www.buttecounty.net\/Portals\/21\/Diseases\/Infectious\/Pertussis09212015.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2% &#8211; https:\/\/accessmedicine.mhmedical.com\/content.aspx?sectionid=217775573<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2% &#8211; http:\/\/intranet.tdmu.edu.ua\/data\/kafedra\/internal\/micbio\/classes_stud\/en\/med\/medprof\/ptn\/Microbiology,%20virology%20and%20immunology\/2\/11_Arboviruses_Adenoviruses_Herpesviruses.htm<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine\/sars-coronavirus<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/11091330_Methods_in_virus_diagnosis_Immunofluorescence_revisited<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/quizlet.com\/9128784\/viral-infections-of-the-respiratory-tract-flash-cards\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1% &#8211; https:\/\/brainly.com\/question\/4675165<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/uk\/en\/home\/references\/molecular-probes-the-handbook\/probes-for-organelles\/probes-for-the-endoplasmic-reticulum-and-golgi-apparatus.html<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0168170214004948<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006349509004172<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/304399321_Structural_basis_of_viral_RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase_catalysis_and_translocation<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC267257\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/medworm.com\/rss\/medicalfeeds\/source\/Virus+Research.xml<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&lt;1% &#8211; https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/microbiology\/chapter\/agglutination-assays\/<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">&lt;1% &#8211; http:\/\/research.lunenfeld.ca\/bremner\/files\/file\/SFV.pdf<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"coronavirus\"><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #000000;\"><strong>Coronavirus<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Structure of\u00a0Coronavirus Coronaviruses fall in the virus family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales. Coronaviruses are enveloped, 120 to 160 nm particles that contain an unsegmented genome of single-stranded positive-sense RNA (27\u201332 kb). &#8230; <a title=\"Coronavirus- An Overview\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/coronavirus\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Coronavirus- An Overview\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":103,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[5150,35,36,201],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Coronavirus.jpg","author":{"name":"Sagar Aryal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/862472ea06500d4318f1ad82addb608e?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":2,"name":"Virology","slug":"virology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Virology is a branch of natural science that deals with the biology of viruses and viral diseases, along with the biochemistry, occurrence, pathogenesis, life cycle, ecology, and evolution of viruses and virus-like particles.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viruses and viral diseases have been at the focus of science, agriculture, and medicine for a long time, and some of the greatest challenges and triumphs in science have involved virology like the eradication of smallpox.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virology is an important clinical science that deals with diseases of new emerging viruses and viral diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The importance of virology has been observed throughout time in the form of viral outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virology is a reasonably difficult discipline due to the complex nature of viruses. Viruses are obligatory parasites that require living cells for growth which makes it difficult to culture them in laboratories.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, these are minute particles that cannot be seen through a compound microscope. These are also comparatively more pathogenic, resulting in deadly diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All of these difficulties has made extensive research on viruses and viral diseases quite challenging.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, modern science has made significant advancements in microscopy and other techniques that have made the observation and culture of viruses on artificial surfaces possible.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Much of the initial attention of virologists were focused on viruses as disease-causing agents, and great progress continues to be made in this area.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0Many acute viral infections are prevented or controlled in much of the world through vaccination and other public health measures.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has also been <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">recognized that viral infections cause a substantial fraction of the world's cancer burden, most commonly hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus infections, both of which can be prevented by vaccination.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viruses also cause severe diseases in plants and livestock, which include viruses like TMV.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Beyond their medical and agricultural importance, numerous studies done on viral replication have provided important information on the mechanism of viral diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virology continues to focus on clinical science in order to discover the nature of viral gene products, their application as <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vaccines-introduction-and-types\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vaccines<\/a>, and as antimicrobial agents.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":50,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":2,"category_count":50,"category_description":"<strong>Virology is a branch of natural science that deals with the biology of viruses and viral diseases, along with the biochemistry, occurrence, pathogenesis, life cycle, ecology, and evolution of viruses and virus-like particles.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viruses and viral diseases have been at the focus of science, agriculture, and medicine for a long time, and some of the greatest challenges and triumphs in science have involved virology like the eradication of smallpox.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virology is an important clinical science that deals with diseases of new emerging viruses and viral diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The importance of virology has been observed throughout time in the form of viral outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virology is a reasonably difficult discipline due to the complex nature of viruses. Viruses are obligatory parasites that require living cells for growth which makes it difficult to culture them in laboratories.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, these are minute particles that cannot be seen through a compound microscope. These are also comparatively more pathogenic, resulting in deadly diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All of these difficulties has made extensive research on viruses and viral diseases quite challenging.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, modern science has made significant advancements in microscopy and other techniques that have made the observation and culture of viruses on artificial surfaces possible.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Much of the initial attention of virologists were focused on viruses as disease-causing agents, and great progress continues to be made in this area.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0Many acute viral infections are prevented or controlled in much of the world through vaccination and other public health measures.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has also been <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">recognized that viral infections cause a substantial fraction of the world's cancer burden, most commonly hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus infections, both of which can be prevented by vaccination.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viruses also cause severe diseases in plants and livestock, which include viruses like TMV.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Beyond their medical and agricultural importance, numerous studies done on viral replication have provided important information on the mechanism of viral diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virology continues to focus on clinical science in order to discover the nature of viral gene products, their application as <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/vaccines-introduction-and-types\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vaccines<\/a>, and as antimicrobial agents.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Virology","category_nicename":"virology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=98"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=98"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=98"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=98"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}