{"id":7,"date":"2022-05-15T23:22:59","date_gmt":"2022-05-15T17:37:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycologynotes.com\/?p=7"},"modified":"2023-04-29T18:46:52","modified_gmt":"2023-04-29T13:01:52","slug":"candida-albicans","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-albicans\/","title":{"rendered":"Candida albicans- An Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-albicans\/#habitat-of-candida-albicans\" title=\"Habitat of Candida albicans\">Habitat of Candida albicans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-albicans\/#morphology-of-candida-albicans\" title=\"Morphology of Candida albicans\">Morphology of Candida albicans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-albicans\/#cultural-characteristics-of-candida-albicans\" title=\"Cultural Characteristics of Candida albicans\">Cultural Characteristics of Candida albicans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-albicans\/#life-cycle-of-candida-albicans\" title=\"Life Cycle of Candida albicans\">Life Cycle of Candida albicans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-albicans\/#pathogenesis-of-candida-albicans\" title=\"Pathogenesis of Candida albicans\">Pathogenesis of Candida albicans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-albicans\/#virulence-factors-of-candida-albicans\" title=\"Virulence Factors of Candida albicans\">Virulence Factors of Candida albicans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-albicans\/#lab-diagnosis-of-candida-albicans\" title=\"Lab Diagnosis of Candida albicans\">Lab Diagnosis of Candida albicans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-albicans\/#treatments-of-candida-albicans\" title=\"Treatments of Candida albicans\">Treatments of Candida albicans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-albicans\/#prevention-and-control-of-candida-albicans\" title=\"Prevention and Control of Candida albicans\">Prevention and Control of Candida albicans<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"habitat-of-candida-albicans\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Habitat of <em>Candida albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Normal Habitat:<\/strong> mucosal membranes of human and other warm blooded animals.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Also found in the gut, the vagina or also in the surface of the skin.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Found in the digestive tract of birds also.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Isolated from soil, animal, hospitals, in-animate objects and food.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Worldwide distribution<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"morphology-of-candida-albicans\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Morphology of <em>Candida albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Morphology-of-Candida-albicans.jpg\" alt=\"Morphology of Candida albicans\" class=\"wp-image-9\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Small, oval, measuring 2-4 \u00b5m in diameter.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Yeast form, unicellular, reproduce by budding.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Single budding of the cells may be seen.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Both yeast and pseudo-hyphae are <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/gram-positive-bacteria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>gram-positive<\/strong><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Encapsulated and diploid, also form true hyphae.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Polymorphic fungus (yeast and pseudohyphal form)<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Can form biofilms<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Normal condition: Yeast<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Special condition (pH, Temperature): Pseudohyphae<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">80-90% of cell wall is carbohydrate<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cultural-characteristics-of-candida-albicans\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Cultural Characteristics of <em>Candida albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>SDA<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-10 size-medium\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Candida-albicans-on-SDA-300x240.jpg\" alt=\"Candida albicans on SDA\" class=\"wp-image-10\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Candida albicans on SDA<\/strong><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Creamy, pasty colonies, smooth after 24-48 hours at 25-37\u00b0C<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Yeast smell (odour)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Blood Agar<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-medium wp-image-11\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Candida-albicans-on-Blood-Agar-300x240.jpg\" alt=\"Candida albicans on Blood Agar\" class=\"wp-image-11\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Candida albicans on Blood Agar<\/strong><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">White creamy colored<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Foot-like extensions from the margin.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>PDA<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Smooth creamy colonies after 24-48 hours<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>CHROMAGAR<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-medium wp-image-12\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Candida-albicans-on-Chromagar-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Candida albicans on Chromagar\" class=\"wp-image-12\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Candida albicans on Chromagar<\/strong><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Green colonies<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"life-cycle-of-candida-albicans\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Life Cycle of <em>Candida albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Life-Cycle-of-Candida-albicans.jpg\" alt=\"Life Cycle of Candida albicans\" class=\"wp-image-13\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Asexual and doesn\u2019t perform meiosis<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ability to grow with three distinct morphologies- yeast, pseudo-hyphae and true hyphae<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Para-sexual life cycle<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Switch between different phenotypes<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Efficient mating requires the diploid cells of opposite mating types first to switch from the more common \u201cwhite\u201d phase to the \u201copaque\u201d phase and then undergo cell fusion. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The resulting tetraploid strains can return to the diploid state via a non-meiotic parasexual program of concerted chromosome loss.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">White form: white and rounded cells forming dome-shaped colonies<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Opaque form: opaque, elongated cells forming a flatter colony.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Opaque form is more efficient for mating than the white form<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"pathogenesis-of-candida-albicans\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Pathogenesis of <em>Candida albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Pathogenesis-of-Candida-albicans.jpg\" alt=\"Pathogenesis of Candida albicans\" class=\"wp-image-14\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes candidiasis in human<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Occurs in immunocompromised peoples such as HIV infected, transplant recipients, chemotherapy patients, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mode of transmission:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Mother to infant through childbirth<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Rarely through sexual contact<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">People to people transmission in hospital settings<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"virulence-factors-of-candida-albicans\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Virulence Factors<\/strong><strong> of <em>Candida albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Polymorphism<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Yeast, pseudohyphae and hyphae<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hyphae is more important for infection<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Adhesins (Als 3 Protein)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sets of glycosylphatidylinositol (GPH)- linked cell surface glycoproteins that allow it to the surfaces of microorganisms<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Helps with biofilm formation also<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Invacins (Als 3 Protein)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Helps with the invasion of <em>C.&nbsp;albicans<\/em> into host epithelial and endothelial cells.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ssa1 codes for heat shock protein<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Induces host cells to engulf the fungal pathogens<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Invasion by the active penetration of <em>C. albicans<\/em> into host cells by involving hyphae.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Biofilm Formation<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Yeast cells \u00e0 adherence \u00e0 surface \u00e0 development of hyphae cells \u00e0 in the upper part of biofilm \u00e0 leads to a more resistant mature biofilm \u00e0 dispersion of yeast cell.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bcr1, Tec1 and Efg1 function as important transcriptional factors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Secreted hydrolases<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3 main classes of hydrolases: proteases, phospholipases and lipases<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Helps in active penetration into host cells<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Helps in uptake of extracellular nutrients from the environment.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">10 proteases (Sap 1-10), 4 major classes (A, B, C and D) of phospholipases and lipases consist of 10 members (LIP 1-10).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Metabolic Adaption<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the process of infection, it undergoes metabolic adoption such as their glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and starvation responses.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Example: quickly switch from its glycolysis to starvation responses with the activation of glyoxylate cycle.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Due to this, it can infect almost any organ through the blood stream.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Stages of Infection<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Colonization<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Epithelial adhesion<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nutrient acquisition<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Superficial Infection<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Epithelial penetration<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Degradation of host protein<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Deep-Seated Infection<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tissue penetration<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Vascular invasion<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Immune evasion or escape<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Disseminated Infection<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Endothelial adhesion<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Infection of other host tissues<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Activation of coagulation and blood clotting cascades.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Types of Candidiasis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Mucosal Candidiasis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Oral candidiasis:<\/strong> mucous membrane of mouth<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Denture related stomatitis:<\/strong> mild inflammation and redness of oral mucous membrane beneath a denture.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Angular cheilitis:<\/strong> inflammation of one or both corners of the mouth<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Median rhomboid glossitis:<\/strong> redness and loss of lingual papillae<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Vulvovaginitis:<\/strong> white lesions on the epithelial surfaces of vulva, vagina and cervix<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Balanitis:<\/strong> infection of glans penis<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Esophageal candidiasis:<\/strong> infection of esophagus painful swallowing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Cutaneous Candidiasis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Candida folliculitis:<\/strong> infection and inflammation of hair follicles, rash may appear as pimples.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Candidal intertrigo:<\/strong> infection of skin located between intertriginous folds of adjacent skin.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Candidal paronychia:<\/strong> inflammation of the nail fold.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Perianal candidiasis:<\/strong> irritation of the skin at the exit of the rectum.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis:<\/strong> immune disorder of T cells, deficient of CMI.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Congenital cutaneous candidiasis:<\/strong> skin condition in new borne babies caused by premature rupture of membranes together with a birth canal infected with <em>C.<\/em>&nbsp;<em>albicans<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Diaper candidiasis:<\/strong> infection of a child\u2019s diaper area.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetia:<\/strong> characterized by an oval shaped area of macerated white skin on the web between and extending onto the sides of the fingers.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Candidal onychomycosis:<\/strong> nail infection<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Systemic Candidiasis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Candidemia: leads of sepsis<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Disseminated candidiasis (organs)<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Endocarditis<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gastro intestinal tract infection<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Respiratory tract infection<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Genitourinary candidiasis<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Hepatosplenic candidiasis (Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"lab-diagnosis-of-candida-albicans\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Lab Diagnosis of <em>Candida albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Specimens:<\/strong> Exudates, Tissues, Scrapings<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Microscopy (Scraping)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Examined in wet film in 10% KOH<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Visualization of pseudohyphae and budding yeast cells of candida<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gram staining: Gram positive (+ve)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Culture<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">SDA: Creamy white, smooth colonies<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">CHROMAGAR: Green colonies<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Identification of <em> albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Germ Tube Test:<\/strong> produce germ tube test within 2 hours when incubated in human serum at 37\u00b0C.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Chlamydospores:<\/strong> produced by <em>C.<\/em>&nbsp;<em>albicans<\/em> on corn meal\/rice agar at 25\u00b0C. They produces round thick walled chlamydospores borne terminally or laterally.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Biochemical Tests:<\/strong> Glucose and maltose fermented with acid and gas production, sucrose and lactose not fermented, Pale pink coloration in Tetrazolium reduction medium<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Serology<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Limited specificity<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Serum antibodies and cell mediated immunity are demonstrable in most people because of life long exposure to <em>C.&nbsp;albicans<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>C. albicans<\/em> antigen is a delayed hypersensitivity skin test, which is used as an indicator of functions of the CMI.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ELISA and RIA: detection of circulating Candidial antigen either cell wall mannan or cytoplasmic constituents.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>1,3-beta-D-glucan assay<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Beta-D-glucan is a component of the cell wall of fungi.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Detected by its ability to activate factor G of the horse-shoe crab coagulation cascade.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Highly specific and sensitive test.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>DNA probe and PCR<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"treatments-of-candida-albicans\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Treatments of<em> Candida albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"293\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Treatments-of-Candidiasis.jpg\" alt=\"Treatments of Candidiasis\" class=\"wp-image-16\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Treatments-of-Candidiasis.jpg 500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Treatments-of-Candidiasis-300x176.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Oral candidiasis: <\/strong>Nystatin, miconazole, amphotericin B.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Cutaneous candidiasis: <\/strong>Clotrimazole, econazole, ciclopirox, miconazole, ketoconazole, nystatin.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Systemic and oral azoles: <\/strong>Fluconazole, itraconazole or posaconazole.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Vulvovaginitis:<\/strong> single dose of oral fluconazole, topical antifungals (butoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, nystatin, ticonazole, terconazole).<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Blood infections:<\/strong> intravenous fluconazole or an echinocandin (caspofungin)<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Candidemia: <\/strong>Fluconazole and Anidulafungin<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"prevention-and-control-of-candida-albicans\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Prevention and Control of <em>Candida albicans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Keep healthy life style<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Good hygiene, proper nutrition, careful antibiotic use.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Add probiotics, reduce sugar intake<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Wear cotton underwear and loose pants<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Change immediately wet clothes<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Habitat of Candida albicans Morphology of Candida albicans Cultural Characteristics of Candida albicans SDA Blood Agar PDA CHROMAGAR Life Cycle of Candida albicans Pathogenesis of Candida albicans Virulence Factors of &#8230; <a title=\"Candida albicans- An Overview\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/candida-albicans\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Candida albicans- An Overview\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":17,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[210],"tags":[211,212,215,218,220,221,222,223,224,225],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Candida-albicans-Habitat-Morphology-Cultural-Characteristics-Life-Cycle-Pathogenesis-Lab-Diagnosis-Treatments-Prevention-and-Control.jpg","author":{"name":"Sagar Aryal","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/862472ea06500d4318f1ad82addb608e?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":210,"name":"Mycology","slug":"mycology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":210,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Mycology is a branch of natural science involved in studies related to fungi, their structure, genetic composition, biochemical properties, taxonomy, and their applications.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that occur as yeasts, molds, or as a combination of both forms. The characteristic features of fungi include the chitinous cell walls, plasma membranes containing ergosterol, 80S rRNA, and microtubules composed of tubulin.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology has become an important area of research in clinical microbiology as of the approximately 70,000 recognized species of fungi, about 300 are known to cause human infections. Some might even have economic importance as plant and animal pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungal diseases of healthy humans tend to be relatively benign, but the few life-threatening fungal diseases are critical.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology is further separated as phytopathology as many fungi are known to cause plant diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology was traditionally considered a branch of botany even though it has been observed that fungi are evolutionary more closer to animals than plants.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, based on new researches, mycology is now established as a distinct discipline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi have been a topic of interest due to their role in the environment as decomposers with some fungi being consumed as a source of food and antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycological studies led to the discovery of penicillin as the first antibiotic, which led the way for the production of more antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many fungi like bacteria might even exist in a symbiotic relationship with other living beings in the form of the normal flora.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the emergence of new fungal species causing diseases in different living beings, the focus of mycology has been shifted towards the systemic classification and identification of fungi based on various techniques.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi are comparatively harder to isolate and identify in laboratories than in bacteria; however, other molecular techniques like gene sequence analysis and PCR have made it possible to identify fungal species accurately.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, fungi are mostly associated with skin or tissue-related infections. These infections can range from mild to severe depending on the pathogenic nature of the species.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology thus is closely related to other areas like clinical medicine and pathology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some fungi have found applications in food and beverage industries where fungi like yeasts are used for baking and brewing process.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The industrial application of fungi gives rise to the relationship between mycology and biotechnology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":33,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":210,"category_count":33,"category_description":"<strong>Mycology is a branch of natural science involved in studies related to fungi, their structure, genetic composition, biochemical properties, taxonomy, and their applications.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that occur as yeasts, molds, or as a combination of both forms. The characteristic features of fungi include the chitinous cell walls, plasma membranes containing ergosterol, 80S rRNA, and microtubules composed of tubulin.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology has become an important area of research in clinical microbiology as of the approximately 70,000 recognized species of fungi, about 300 are known to cause human infections. Some might even have economic importance as plant and animal pathogens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungal diseases of healthy humans tend to be relatively benign, but the few life-threatening fungal diseases are critical.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology is further separated as phytopathology as many fungi are known to cause plant diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology was traditionally considered a branch of botany even though it has been observed that fungi are evolutionary more closer to animals than plants.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, based on new researches, mycology is now established as a distinct discipline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi have been a topic of interest due to their role in the environment as decomposers with some fungi being consumed as a source of food and antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycological studies led to the discovery of penicillin as the first antibiotic, which led the way for the production of more antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many fungi like bacteria might even exist in a symbiotic relationship with other living beings in the form of the normal flora.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the emergence of new fungal species causing diseases in different living beings, the focus of mycology has been shifted towards the systemic classification and identification of fungi based on various techniques.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi are comparatively harder to isolate and identify in laboratories than in bacteria; however, other molecular techniques like gene sequence analysis and PCR have made it possible to identify fungal species accurately.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Besides, fungi are mostly associated with skin or tissue-related infections. These infections can range from mild to severe depending on the pathogenic nature of the species.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mycology thus is closely related to other areas like clinical medicine and pathology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some fungi have found applications in food and beverage industries where fungi like yeasts are used for baking and brewing process.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The industrial application of fungi gives rise to the relationship between mycology and biotechnology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Mycology","category_nicename":"mycology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}