{"id":43764,"date":"2024-04-04T21:52:08","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T16:07:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=43764"},"modified":"2024-04-04T21:52:12","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T16:07:12","slug":"nerve-cells","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/nerve-cells\/","title":{"rendered":"Nerve Cells (Neurons): Types, Structure, Functions, Diseases"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Nerve cells, also called neurons, are cells that make up the nervous system. The main function of nerve cells is to receive, process, and transmit information.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These cells receive signals from different sensory organs or other neurons, process this information, and then transmit signals to target cells, such as other neurons, muscles, or other organs. This communication is important for different body functions including controlling movement and supporting cognitive processes like memory and learning. So, nerve cells act as messengers that transmit information from external stimuli to the brain which processes the information and generates responses to the stimuli.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/nerve-cells\/#types-of-nerve-cells\" title=\"Types of Nerve Cells\">Types of Nerve Cells<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/nerve-cells\/#anatomy-and-structure-of-nerve-cells\" title=\"Anatomy and Structure of Nerve Cells\">Anatomy and Structure of Nerve Cells<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/nerve-cells\/#nerve-impulses-and-action-potential\" title=\"Nerve Impulses and Action Potential\">Nerve Impulses and Action Potential<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/nerve-cells\/#functions-of-the-nerve-cells\" title=\"Functions of the Nerve Cells\">Functions of the Nerve Cells<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/nerve-cells\/#diseases-and-disorders-of-the-nerve-cells\" title=\"Diseases and Disorders of the Nerve Cells\">Diseases and Disorders of the Nerve Cells<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/nerve-cells\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"types-of-nerve-cells\"><\/span><strong>Types of Nerve Cells<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nerve cells are classified into three main types based on their function.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Sensory neurons<\/strong> are nerve cells that detect and transmit signals from the external environment to the central nervous system (CNS). These cells gather information from specialized tissues in various parts of the body known as sensory receptors.<strong> <\/strong>When a sensory neuron detects a signal from the receptor, it converts this information into electrical impulses, which are then transmitted to the CNS. Sensory neurons are also called afferent neurons. They detect a wide range of stimuli, including touch, taste, smell, and pain.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Motor neurons<\/strong> are nerve cells that<strong> <\/strong>transmit signals from the CNS to muscles. These neurons initiate and control voluntary and involuntary muscle movements.<strong> <\/strong>Motor neurons are also called efferent neurons. These nerve cells are divided into upper and lower motor neurons. Upper motor neurons transmit signals to interneurons and lower motor neurons while lower motor neurons receive signals from upper motor neurons or interneurons and convert these signals into actual muscle movements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Interneurons <\/strong>are the most abundant type of nerve cells and are only found in the central nervous system. These cells act as connectors between sensory and motor nerve cells.<strong> <\/strong>They receive signals from other interneurons or sensory neurons and transmit them to motor neurons or other interneurons.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"513\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Types-of-Neurons.jpeg\" alt=\"Types of Neurons\" class=\"wp-image-43772\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Types-of-Neurons.jpeg 870w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Types-of-Neurons-300x177.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Types-of-Neurons-768x453.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Types of Neurons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Nerve cells can also be classified into four types based on their structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Unipolar neurons<\/strong> have a single structure extending from the cell body which contains one axon with dendrites. They are commonly found in invertebrates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bipolar neurons<\/strong> have two structures &#8211; one axon and one dendrite, extending from the cell body.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Multipolar neurons<\/strong> contain one axon and multiple symmetrical dendrites extending from the cell body. This is the most common type of neuron.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pseudounipolar neurons<\/strong> have only one process that extends from the cell body, which separates into two structures. These nerve cells do not have dendrites.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1205\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Types-of-Nerve-Cells.jpeg\" alt=\"Types of Nerve Cells\" class=\"wp-image-43767\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Types-of-Nerve-Cells.jpeg 1205w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Types-of-Nerve-Cells-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Types-of-Nerve-Cells-1024x536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Types-of-Nerve-Cells-768x402.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1205px) 100vw, 1205px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Types of Nerve Cells<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"anatomy-and-structure-of-nerve-cells\"><\/span><strong>Anatomy and Structure of Nerve Cells<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A nerve cell contains three main parts: cell body, dendrites, and axon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"806\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Anatomy-and-Structure-of-Nerve-Cells.jpeg\" alt=\"Anatomy and Structure of Nerve Cells\" class=\"wp-image-43768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Anatomy-and-Structure-of-Nerve-Cells.jpeg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Anatomy-and-Structure-of-Nerve-Cells-300x161.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Anatomy-and-Structure-of-Nerve-Cells-1024x550.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Anatomy-and-Structure-of-Nerve-Cells-768x413.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Anatomy and Structure of Nerve Cells<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The cell body<\/strong>, also known as the soma, is the central part of the nerve cell which contains the nucleus of the cell and various cell organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and lysosomes. These organelles produce proteins and generate energy within the cell. The cell body gives rise to dendrites and axons. It maintains the nerve cell and is involved in the growth and development of the nerve cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dendrites<\/strong> are structures like tree branches extending from the cell body. They receive signals from other neurons acting as receptors and convert them into electrical impulses. Their branching structure is useful for receiving signals from other neurons. Dendrites are mainly made up of dendritic shafts and tiny extensions known as dendritic spines which contain neurotransmitter receptors on their membranes.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Axon <\/strong>is another extension of the cell body that carries signals away from the cell body. It is connected to the cell body at a point called the axon hillock. The primary function of the axon is to transmit electrical signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Axons can be covered by a protective layer of fatty material called myelin sheath that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses. The axon terminal, located at the end of the axon, is the point where information is transmitted to target cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"nerve-impulses-and-action-potential\"><\/span><strong>Nerve Impulses and Action Potential<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Nerve impulses are the signals transmitted through the nervous system which allows communication between cells. Nerve impulses from one neuron are passed onto another through sites called synapses.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Before a nerve impulse is transmitted through a synapse, an action potential must be generated in the presynaptic neuron. The action potential refers to a rapid change in the membrane potential.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Initially, neurons have a resting membrane potential that maintains a negative charge inside the cell with a higher concentration of sodium ions outside and potassium ions inside the cells. This is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When a nerve cell receives a stimulus from other neurons, sodium channels on the cell membrane open. This allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, causing depolarization. The membrane potential changes to positive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>After depolarization, the membrane potential begins the process of repolarization. Potassium channels open and allow potassium ions to leave the cell, restoring the original resting membrane potential.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The action potential reaches the end of the axon and triggers the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters into the synapse. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. In this way, the signal is passed on to the next neuron.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1227\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Electrical-Synapses-vs.-Chemical-Synapses.jpeg\" alt=\"Electrical Synapses vs. Chemical Synapses\" class=\"wp-image-43773\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Electrical-Synapses-vs.-Chemical-Synapses.jpeg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Electrical-Synapses-vs.-Chemical-Synapses-300x245.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Electrical-Synapses-vs.-Chemical-Synapses-1024x838.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Electrical-Synapses-vs.-Chemical-Synapses-768x628.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Electrical Synapses vs. Chemical Synapses<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"functions-of-the-nerve-cells\"><\/span><strong>Functions of the Nerve Cells<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Nerve cells receive and transmit information in the form of electrical signals throughout the body. This allows communication within the nervous system which is vital for different body functions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sensory neurons receive stimuli from the external environment. These nerve cells detect changes in the surroundings and transmit these signals to the central nervous system. This allows us to respond to our surroundings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Motor neurons receive signals from the brain and transmit these signals to muscles. They control muscle movements and allow voluntary movements like walking and running.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interneurons act as mediators and transmit signals between other neurons.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nerve cells are also involved in maintaining the concentrations of ions inside and outside their membranes which is important for generating and transmitting nerve impulses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"diseases-and-disorders-of-the-nerve-cells\"><\/span><strong>Diseases and Disorders <strong>of the Nerve Cells<\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Neurodegenerative disorders<\/strong> include several diseases that lead to progressive damage of nerve cells. These diseases are closely linked to aging. Neurodegenerative diseases are currently incurable. However, treatments focus on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Some of the common neurodegenerative diseases are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Alzheimer&#8217;s disease<\/strong> is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to a gradual decline in memory and other cognitive abilities. As Alzheimer&#8217;s disease progresses, individuals may experience problems with communication, decision-making, and completing everyday tasks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1170\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Pathology-of-Alzheimers-Disease.jpeg\" alt=\"Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease\" class=\"wp-image-43769\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Pathology-of-Alzheimers-Disease.jpeg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Pathology-of-Alzheimers-Disease-300x234.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Pathology-of-Alzheimers-Disease-1024x799.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Pathology-of-Alzheimers-Disease-768x599.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Pathology of Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Parkinson&#8217;s disease<\/strong> is a neurological disorder characterized by difficulties in movement. Over time, it also causes a decline in cognitive function. Symptoms include tremors, muscle stiffness, and impaired balance. Both genetic and non-genetic factors lead to the development of this disease, with age being the main risk factor.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"923\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Parkinsons-Disease-Hypokinetic-Disorder.jpeg\" alt=\"Parkinson's Disease (Hypokinetic Disorder)\" class=\"wp-image-43770\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Parkinsons-Disease-Hypokinetic-Disorder.jpeg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Parkinsons-Disease-Hypokinetic-Disorder-300x185.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Parkinsons-Disease-Hypokinetic-Disorder-1024x630.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Parkinsons-Disease-Hypokinetic-Disorder-768x473.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Parkinson&#8217;s Disease (Hypokinetic Disorder)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Huntington&#8217;s disease<\/strong> is a genetic disorder that involves the gradual loss of nerve cells. This disease affects parts of the brain that control voluntary movement. Common symptoms include involuntary movements (chorea), unusual body postures, and problems with cognitive functions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"929\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Huntingtons-Disease-Hyperkinetic-Disorder.jpeg\" alt=\"Huntington's Disease (Hyperkinetic Disorder)\" class=\"wp-image-43771\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Huntingtons-Disease-Hyperkinetic-Disorder.jpeg 1500w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Huntingtons-Disease-Hyperkinetic-Disorder-300x186.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Huntingtons-Disease-Hyperkinetic-Disorder-1024x634.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Huntingtons-Disease-Hyperkinetic-Disorder-768x476.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Huntington&#8217;s Disease (Hyperkinetic Disorder)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Motor neuron diseases<\/strong> cause the degeneration of motor neurons that control movement. This results in muscle weakness and eventually paralysis. This includes several diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), primary lateral sclerosis, progressive muscular atrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, and post-polio syndrome. Symptoms may also include breathlessness, chest infections, and disturbed sleep.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Peripheral neuropathy<\/strong> is a nerve cell disease that affects the peripheral nerves. Various factors can lead to this condition, such as diabetes, alcohol abuse, infections, autoimmune diseases, genetic disorders, and vascular disorders. Symptoms can include muscle weakness, uncontrolled muscle movements, numbness, imbalance, changes in blood pressure, and bowel problems. Treatment options include medications such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and pain relievers along with surgery in case of severe nerve injuries. Physical therapy and devices like braces and walkers can help with mobility.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Demyelinating diseases<\/strong> are conditions that damage the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve cells. Some of the common demyelinating diseases include multiple sclerosis (MS), transverse myelitis (TM), Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Symptoms include vision changes, tingling, muscle weakness, and difficulty walking. This disease is caused by immune system attacks on healthy myelin, viral or bacterial infections, genetic factors, and other medical conditions. Treatment options include medications and physical therapy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Ashley K, Lui F. Physiology, Nerve. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK551652\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BioExplorer.net. (2024, March 11). Explore Different Types of Nerve Cells. Bio Explorer. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bioexplorer.net\/nerve-cell-types.html\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.bioexplorer.net\/nerve-cell-types.html\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, February 13). neuron. Encyclopedia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/neuron<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Demyelinating Disease: What It Is, Symptoms &amp; Treatment (clevelandclinic.org)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lamptey, R. N. L., Chaulagain, B., Trivedi, R., Gothwal, A., Layek, B., &amp; Singh, J. (2022). A Review of the Common Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Therapeutic Approaches and the Potential Role of Nanotherapeutics. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(3), 1851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23031851<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Muzio MR, Cascella M. Histology, Axon. [Updated 2022 Nov 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554388\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nerve Cell Body | Complete Anatomy (elsevier.com)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nervous System Diseases: Types, Causes, Examples (healthline.com)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Neurodegenerative Diseases: Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment (verywellmind.com)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parts of a neuron: Structure and functions | Kenhub<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peripheral Neuropathy | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (nih.gov)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pryse-Phillips, W. E.M. (2023, June 22). nervous system disease. Encyclopedia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/human-nervous-system-disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., editors. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001. Nerve Cells. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK11103\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nerve cells, also called neurons, are cells that make up the nervous system. The main function of nerve cells is to receive, process, and transmit information. These cells receive signals &#8230; <a title=\"Nerve Cells (Neurons): Types, Structure, Functions, Diseases\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/nerve-cells\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Nerve Cells (Neurons): Types, Structure, Functions, Diseases\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":43767,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3177],"tags":[],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Types-of-Nerve-Cells.jpeg","author":{"name":"Sanju Tamang","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f337d733e7b15ac78c15677d4185c8ef?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":3177,"name":"Cell Biology","slug":"cell-biology","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3177,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Cell biology or cytology is a branch of biology that deals with studies related to the structure and function of a cell-based on the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A detailed study of the cellular structure and function provides a basis for studies related to tissues, organs, and the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The number of cells in an organism might differ as some organisms have a single cell while others are made up of billions of cells.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the case of single-celled organisms, the singular cell is studied, whereas, for multicellular organisms, individual cells of different tissues are studied.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initially, only the outer structure of a cell was studied due to the lack of complex microscopic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, however, advancements in other areas have made it possible to study the internal cellular components of a cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Apart from the cell structure and function, cell biology also deals with cell communication and signaling.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology also involves the studying of the cell cycle and cell division, which provides insight into the cellular composition of an organism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology is also linked with other studies like genetics, molecular biology, cytochemistry, and biochemistry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cells are distinguished as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells based on the complexity of the cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology enables studying the biochemical mechanisms involved in cell metabolism and different forms of cellular energy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Focusing on the structural and functional aspects of a single cell allows a detailed understanding of the body overall.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also easier to perform research on a single cell as it can be modified and observed efficiently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Techniques in cell biology have advanced over the years with new and improved imaging techniques to observe smaller cellular organelles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology, together with systemic biology, helps in the answering of complex questions like the relationship between cellular networks, the evolutionary relationship between genomes, and the complexity of the biomolecular composition of different living organisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":107,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3177,"category_count":107,"category_description":"<strong>Cell biology or cytology is a branch of biology that deals with studies related to the structure and function of a cell-based on the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A detailed study of the cellular structure and function provides a basis for studies related to tissues, organs, and the body.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The number of cells in an organism might differ as some organisms have a single cell while others are made up of billions of cells.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the case of single-celled organisms, the singular cell is studied, whereas, for multicellular organisms, individual cells of different tissues are studied.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initially, only the outer structure of a cell was studied due to the lack of complex microscopic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over the years, however, advancements in other areas have made it possible to study the internal cellular components of a cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Apart from the cell structure and function, cell biology also deals with cell communication and signaling.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology also involves the studying of the cell cycle and cell division, which provides insight into the cellular composition of an organism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology is also linked with other studies like genetics, molecular biology, cytochemistry, and biochemistry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cells are distinguished as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells based on the complexity of the cell.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology enables studying the biochemical mechanisms involved in cell metabolism and different forms of cellular energy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Focusing on the structural and functional aspects of a single cell allows a detailed understanding of the body overall.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also easier to perform research on a single cell as it can be modified and observed efficiently.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Techniques in cell biology have advanced over the years with new and improved imaging techniques to observe smaller cellular organelles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell biology, together with systemic biology, helps in the answering of complex questions like the relationship between cellular networks, the evolutionary relationship between genomes, and the complexity of the biomolecular composition of different living organisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Cell Biology","category_nicename":"cell-biology","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43764"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=43764"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43764\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":43774,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43764\/revisions\/43774"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/43767"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43764"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=43764"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=43764"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}