{"id":43401,"date":"2023-12-27T19:43:28","date_gmt":"2023-12-27T13:58:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/?p=43401"},"modified":"2023-12-27T19:43:30","modified_gmt":"2023-12-27T13:58:30","slug":"clue-cells","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/","title":{"rendered":"Clue Cells and Bacterial Vaginosis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Clue cells are specialized vaginal epithelial cells that appear stippled or granulated due to being covered with numerous bacteria.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile, these cells are a critical diagnostic feature in gynecology, particularly for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common vaginal infection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The term &#8220;clue&#8221; in clue cells refers to the microscopic clues they provide regarding the presence of BV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1205\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Clue-Cells.jpg\" alt=\"Clue Cells\" class=\"wp-image-43403\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Clue-Cells.jpg 1205w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Clue-Cells-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Clue-Cells-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Clue-Cells-768x402.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1205px) 100vw, 1205px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Clue Cells<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#overview-of-bacterial-vaginosis\" title=\"Overview of Bacterial Vaginosis\">Overview of Bacterial Vaginosis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#appearance-and-identification-of-clue-cells\" title=\"Appearance and Identification of Clue Cells\">Appearance and Identification of Clue Cells<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#methods-of-identification-of-clue-cells\" title=\"Methods of Identification of Clue Cells\">Methods of Identification of Clue Cells<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#association-with-bacterial-vaginosis-bv\" title=\"Association with Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)\">Association with Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#link-between-clue-cells-and-bacterial-vaginosis-bv\" title=\"Link Between Clue Cells and Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)\">Link Between Clue Cells and Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#importance-of-clue-cells-in-bacterial-vaginosis-bv-diagnosis\" title=\"Importance of Clue Cells in Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Diagnosis\">Importance of Clue Cells in Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Diagnosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#clinical-implications\" title=\"Clinical Implications\">Clinical Implications<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#symptoms-of-bacterial-vaginosis-bv\" title=\"Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)\">Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#diagnostic-criteria-involving-clue-cells\" title=\"Diagnostic Criteria Involving Clue Cells\">Diagnostic Criteria Involving Clue Cells<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#diagnostic-procedures\" title=\"Diagnostic Procedures\">Diagnostic Procedures<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#laboratory-analysis-techniques\" title=\"Laboratory Analysis Techniques\">Laboratory Analysis Techniques<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#interpretation-of-results\" title=\"Interpretation of Results\">Interpretation of Results<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/#references\" title=\"References\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"overview-of-bacterial-vaginosis\"><\/span><strong>Overview of Bacterial Vaginosis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection resulting from an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It occurs when there&#8217;s an overgrowth of harmful bacteria, disrupting the natural balance of the vaginal flora.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BV is often associated with symptoms like abnormal vaginal discharge, itching, and a characteristic &#8220;fishy&#8221; odor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"460\" src=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Clue-Cells-and-Bacterial-Vaginosis.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Clue-Cells-and-Bacterial-Vaginosis.jpg 700w, https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Clue-Cells-and-Bacterial-Vaginosis-300x197.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">This photomicrograph of a vaginal smear specimen depicts two epithelial cells, a normal cell, and an epithelial cell with its exterior covered by bacteria giving the cell a roughened, stippled appearance known as a clue cell. The presence of clue cells is a sign that the patient has bacterial vaginosis. Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/phil.cdc.gov\/Details.aspx?pid=14574\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/phil.cdc.gov\/Details.aspx?pid=14574\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CDC\/ M. Rein<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"appearance-and-identification-of-clue-cells\"><\/span><strong>Appearance and Identification of Clue Cells<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Clue cells, when observed under a microscope, display a distinct appearance. They are vaginal epithelial cells with a stippled or granulated surface due to the adherence of bacteria.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, the granular appearance distinguishes them from normal vaginal epithelial cells and is a key characteristic for identifying them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"methods-of-identification-of-clue-cells\"><\/span><strong>Methods of Identification of <strong>Clue Cells<\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Wet Mount Examination<\/strong>: In this method, a sample of vaginal discharge is mixed with a solution and placed on a slide for microscopic examination. Clue cells can be observed directly under the <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/parts-of-a-microscope\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"25570\">microscope<\/a> using this technique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gram Stain<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/gram-stain-principle-reagents-procedure-and-result-interpretation\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"560\">Gram staining<\/a> involves using a series of staining steps to differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall characteristics. Clue cells will retain the stain and can be observed under the microscope after this staining process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Other Laboratory Techniques<\/strong>: Besides wet mount and Gram stain, other laboratory techniques may include the use of specific dyes or culture methods to identify clue cells. These techniques enhance the accuracy and reliability of clue cell identification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"association-with-bacterial-vaginosis-bv\"><\/span><strong>Association with Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection resulting from an imbalance in the vaginal flora, characterized by a decrease in beneficial Lactobacillus species and an overgrowth of various anaerobic bacteria, such as Gardnerella vaginalis.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The exact cause of this imbalance is not fully understood, but various factors, including sexual activity, douching, hormonal changes, and certain behaviors or practices, can influence it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"link-between-clue-cells-and-bacterial-vaginosis-bv\"><\/span><strong>Link Between Clue Cells and <strong>Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)<\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Clue cells are vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria, making them appear stippled or granulated when viewed under a microscope. In the context of BV, the presence of clue cells is a key diagnostic criterion.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The bacteria adhering to these cells are often indicative of an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria associated with BV, especially Gardnerella vaginalis.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In contrast, the abundance of clue cells in a microscopic examination of vaginal discharge suggests the presence of bacterial vaginosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"importance-of-clue-cells-in-bacterial-vaginosis-bv-diagnosis\"><\/span><strong>Importance of Clue Cells in <strong><strong>Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)<\/strong><\/strong> Diagnosis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Clue cells are crucial in diagnosing BV due to their strong association with the condition. Their presence in a wet mount or Gram stain examination of vaginal discharge provides a reliable indication of bacterial vaginosis.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Healthcare providers use clue cells as a significant diagnostic marker to initiate appropriate treatment for the patient. It ensures timely management of BV and minimizes potential complications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"clinical-implications\"><\/span><strong>Clinical Implications<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"symptoms-of-bacterial-vaginosis-bv\"><\/span><strong>Symptoms of <strong><strong>Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Often thin, grayish-white, and may have a &#8220;fishy&#8221; odor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Discomfort and itching in the vaginal area.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Discomfort or burning during urination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unpleasant or noticeable fish-like odor, particularly after intercourse.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"diagnostic-criteria-involving-clue-cells\"><\/span><strong>Diagnostic Criteria Involving Clue Cells<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The diagnostic criteria for BV often include the presence of clue cells (<strong>&gt;20% of the epithelial cells<\/strong>) in a high-power field on microscopic examination of vaginal discharge, along with clinical symptoms and other laboratory findings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The presence of clue cells guides healthcare providers in choosing the appropriate treatment for BV. It helps in determining the type and duration of antibiotic therapy needed to eradicate the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria and restore a balanced vaginal flora.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"diagnostic-procedures\"><\/span><strong>Diagnostic Procedures<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A sample of vaginal discharge is collected using a swab. The swab is gently inserted into the vagina to obtain a specimen of the discharge, which is then used for microscopic examination to identify clue cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"laboratory-analysis-techniques\"><\/span><strong>Laboratory Analysis Techniques<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Wet Mount Examination: <\/strong>A drop of vaginal discharge is placed on a slide, mixed with saline, and examined under a microscope to observe clue cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gram Stain: <\/strong>The discharge is spread on a slide, fixed, and stained using the Gram staining technique. Clue cells appear characteristic under this stain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"interpretation-of-results\"><\/span><strong>Interpretation of Results<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If clue cells are observed in significant numbers during microscopic examination, this indicates a probable case of BV.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The abundance of clue cells is an important diagnostic parameter in identifying BV and determining appropriate treatment strategies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Clue cells, vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria, serve as a critical diagnostic feature for bacterial vaginosis (BV). Their presence in vaginal discharge, indicative of an overgrowth of certain bacteria, is a key element in diagnosing BV accurately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The presence of clue cells is a significant indicator for healthcare professionals in diagnosing BV and tailoring appropriate treatment.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Early detection through clue cells facilitates timely interventions, effectively addressing symptoms and reducing potential complications associated with bacterial vaginosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span><strong>References<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>https:\/\/myhealth.alberta.ca\/Health\/Pages\/conditions.aspx?hwid=aa73146&amp;lang=en-ca<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/ijdvl.com\/clue-cell\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/bacterial-vaginosis\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20352285<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.peacehealth.org\/medical-topics\/id\/hw3367<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/youngwomenshealth.org\/guides\/bacterial-vaginosis\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/screening.iarc.fr\/atlasglossdef.php?key=Clue%20cells&amp;lang=1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>http:\/\/www.bioline.org.br\/request?dv06137<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Clue cells are specialized vaginal epithelial cells that appear stippled or granulated due to being covered with numerous bacteria. Meanwhile, these cells are a critical diagnostic feature in gynecology, particularly &#8230; <a title=\"Clue Cells and Bacterial Vaginosis\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/clue-cells\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Clue Cells and Bacterial Vaginosis\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":43403,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3418],"tags":[],"custom":{"td_video":"","featured_image":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Clue-Cells.jpg","author":{"name":"Krisha Karki","avatar":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cc4be63161853a1dd90b8a3a11ad26fa?s=96&d=mm&r=g"},"categories":[{"term_id":3418,"name":"Diseases","slug":"diseases","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":3418,"taxonomy":"category","description":"<strong>Diseases are abnormal medical conditions that negatively affect either the structure or function of a part of an organism other than the immediate external injuries.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are two types of diseases, viz\u2014communicable and non-communicable diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infectious or communicable diseases are caused by viruses, pathogens, and other parasites that affect the host and can transmit from person to person. In contrast, non-communicable diseases might occur due to exposure to radiation, genetic inheritance, and an unhealthy lifestyle.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whenever a disease-causing virus or pathogen enters the body of a host, the body shows two responses to it; clinical and immunologic.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The white blood cells, mainly known for the defense against external microorganisms, attack such antigens which may result in different reactions such as fever, cold, headache, sweating, change in the rate of heartbeat, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plants also suffer from several diseases which are primarily caused by non-native viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A few of such diseases that cause significant damage are a chestnut blight, butternut canker, Dogwood anthracnose, Elm yellows, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, diseases are observed in plants and animals. Various bacteria and viruses cause diseases such as Anthrax, Black-quarter, Bluetongue, Pox. Rabies, etc. infect dogs, wolves, and foxes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most effective and efficient way to prevent diseases is sanitation, proper nutrition, exercise, and self-care.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Moreover, different forms of vaccines have been developed to prevent severe diseases like Cholera, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, Rabies, Yellow fever.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although diseases can be fatal to humans, animals, and plants, their scientific study is useful in other fields of study.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Knowledge regarding disease-causing pathogens and bacteria helps microbiologists understand the nature and characteristics of various microorganisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientific diagnosis of parasites encourages people to take preventive measures for themselves and other animals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diseases have been an essential topic of research and findings in food microbiology as food and water are primary modes of transmission of many infectious diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Infection is the invasion and multiplication of the body tissue of an organism by pathogenic agents like bacteria and viruses.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infection is often used as a synonym for disease even though the two are quite different. Infection is the entry of an agent into the body while a disease is the changes occurring in the body as a result of that entry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All infections are caused by infectious agents which can be either bacteria, virus, fungi, or a parasite.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infection is communicable that transmits due to the transmission of the infectious agent by different modes of transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Depending on the infectious agent, infections are of four types; viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection, and parasitic infection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections might not result in particular symptoms like diseases, as most infections tend to be subclinical.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections might be localized where the infectious agent only infects a particular organ or tissue or can be systemic where the agent reaches different parts of the body via blood or lymph to infect different organs and tissues.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Microorganisms that belong to the normal flora of an organism are not considered infectious agents unless they reach the sterile parts of the body to initiate some form of infection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pathophysiology of infections differs from one agent to another, but the general pattern of infections flows a similar trajectory; entry, colonization, disease, and transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Symptoms of infections are also different depending on the type of infection, but some common symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, coughing, and sneezing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The diagnosis of infection is based on the identification of the infectious agent via different diagnostic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some infections might show symptoms that allow for the symptomatic diagnosis, yet it usually needs further confirmation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections are directly dependent on the infectious agent and the immune response of the host against the said agent. <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","parent":0,"count":31,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":3418,"category_count":31,"category_description":"<strong>Diseases are abnormal medical conditions that negatively affect either the structure or function of a part of an organism other than the immediate external injuries.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are two types of diseases, viz\u2014communicable and non-communicable diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infectious or communicable diseases are caused by viruses, pathogens, and other parasites that affect the host and can transmit from person to person. In contrast, non-communicable diseases might occur due to exposure to radiation, genetic inheritance, and an unhealthy lifestyle.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whenever a disease-causing virus or pathogen enters the body of a host, the body shows two responses to it; clinical and immunologic.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The white blood cells, mainly known for the defense against external microorganisms, attack such antigens which may result in different reactions such as fever, cold, headache, sweating, change in the rate of heartbeat, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plants also suffer from several diseases which are primarily caused by non-native viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A few of such diseases that cause significant damage are a chestnut blight, butternut canker, Dogwood anthracnose, Elm yellows, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly, diseases are observed in plants and animals. Various bacteria and viruses cause diseases such as Anthrax, Black-quarter, Bluetongue, Pox. Rabies, etc. infect dogs, wolves, and foxes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most effective and efficient way to prevent diseases is sanitation, proper nutrition, exercise, and self-care.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Moreover, different forms of vaccines have been developed to prevent severe diseases like Cholera, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, Rabies, Yellow fever.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although diseases can be fatal to humans, animals, and plants, their scientific study is useful in other fields of study.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Knowledge regarding disease-causing pathogens and bacteria helps microbiologists understand the nature and characteristics of various microorganisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientific diagnosis of parasites encourages people to take preventive measures for themselves and other animals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diseases have been an essential topic of research and findings in food microbiology as food and water are primary modes of transmission of many infectious diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Infection is the invasion and multiplication of the body tissue of an organism by pathogenic agents like bacteria and viruses.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infection is often used as a synonym for disease even though the two are quite different. Infection is the entry of an agent into the body while a disease is the changes occurring in the body as a result of that entry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All infections are caused by infectious agents which can be either bacteria, virus, fungi, or a parasite.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infection is communicable that transmits due to the transmission of the infectious agent by different modes of transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Depending on the infectious agent, infections are of four types; viral infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection, and parasitic infection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections might not result in particular symptoms like diseases, as most infections tend to be subclinical.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections might be localized where the infectious agent only infects a particular organ or tissue or can be systemic where the agent reaches different parts of the body via blood or lymph to infect different organs and tissues.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Microorganisms that belong to the normal flora of an organism are not considered infectious agents unless they reach the sterile parts of the body to initiate some form of infection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pathophysiology of infections differs from one agent to another, but the general pattern of infections flows a similar trajectory; entry, colonization, disease, and transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Symptoms of infections are also different depending on the type of infection, but some common symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, coughing, and sneezing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The diagnosis of infection is based on the identification of the infectious agent via different diagnostic processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some infections might show symptoms that allow for the symptomatic diagnosis, yet it usually needs further confirmation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infections are directly dependent on the infectious agent and the immune response of the host against the said agent. <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","cat_name":"Diseases","category_nicename":"diseases","category_parent":0}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43401"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=43401"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43401\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/43403"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43401"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=43401"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/microbenotes.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=43401"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}